達克羅士音樂節奏教學法運用於鋼琴個別課之探討

摘要本研究旨在探討達克羅士音樂節奏教學法，如何運用於初級學生的鋼琴教學，主要是著重於觀察學生在節奏感知與音樂性感知能力的變化。研究對象為四位國小四到六年級學生，學生鋼琴程度大約在拜爾下冊第六十五首。透過八堂課之教學方案，以及自編之「觀察記錄量表」、「教學日誌」、「上課錄影」、「課後訪談」，蒐集學生學習表現並進行分析。初級鋼琴學生節奏感知與音樂性感知之變化，根據資料蒐集分析與結果討論獲致具體研究結果如下：教學方案係依據達克羅士節奏教學理念而規劃，並參考兒童國內外音樂課程設計，擬定教學活動。教學主題包括以巴洛克時期、古典時期、浪漫時期及現代時期等四首不同風格之曲目，並依節奏、速度、小節、多聲部節奏／旋律、力度、觸鍵、樂句七項音樂要素，透過肢體律動引導學生的感知及彈奏。針對初級鋼琴學生之節奏感知及音樂性感知學習，經由觀察者評定及教學日誌，學生七項要素的平均值全部高於前測，所以，學生是呈現進步的現象。在節奏要項的學習情形大致良好，需要學生良好的參與度；速度學習則需要學生熟練，才能達到樂譜指定的速度；小節的學習狀況均為良好，需要學生的參與度；多聲部節奏／旋律學生均有進步，但仍需注意學生原本的技巧能力；力度的學習學生表現良好，但仍須掌握學生個別的參與度；觸鍵的學習則起伏較大，其間運用拍球之成效頗佳，惟需注意學生本身的技巧能力和曲子難易度；樂句的學習亦為良好，需要學生的參與度與專心度。最後研究者將依據研究結論並提出對於鋼琴教學及未來研究之建議。

關鍵字

達克羅士音樂節奏教學法；鋼琴教學

並列摘要

Abstract The purpose of the research was to investigate the application of Dalcroze Eurhythmics on piano teaching of the elementary piano students, mainly focusing on the change of the students’ sense of rhythm and musicality. There were four participants, from fourth to sixth grade, whose average playing level was close to the difficulty of the no. 65 in Beyer piano method book one . The research project was conducted through researcher’s teaching of eight pre-designed piano lessons. Data was collected by the observation form/ scale, the piano teaching journals, the video recording, and the after-class interview which was designed by the researcher. The results of the data analysis regarding the changes of the piano students’ sense of rhythm and musicality are as follows. According to the inductive analysis of the reference of teaching plans by the Dalcroze teachers in Taiwan and outside of Taiwan, the researcher designed the teaching plans for the piano lesson. Four teaching pieces were chosen from the Baroques, the Classical, the Romantic, and the Contemporary periods as the teaching content. Seven music elements (rhythm, tempo, measure, polyrhythmic rhythm/melody, dynamics, articulation, and phrase), which were extracted from Dalcroze eurythmic elements, were integrated into the teaching of these four pieces. Based on the seven music elements, the researcher incoporated the eurythmic movement to enhance students’ comprehension of the four pieces during piano lesson. The average score by the observers showed that the participants’ playing was improved after the Dalcroze eurythmic teaching. The average score of the seven music elements of each piece was all higher than the score in the pre-test. Despite the improvement showed in the data, the researcher also found that the willingness of involvement in the eurythmic activities, regular practice, playing technique, and the difficulty of the pieces were also the factors that affect students playing result. In light of the results of the study, suggestions for the piano teaching and learning are provided in the end.