青年期學生學習禪定對身心靈影響之研究

Investigation of meditation performance to body, mind and spirit for young adult students

李欣怡(HSIN-YI LEE)

指導教授 ： 葉重新 ； 張剛鳴

亞洲大學/人文社會學院/心理學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

國內外學者在禪定研究上有許多科學證明，也指出練習禪定對於身心靈的好處，根據Erikson 論點，青年期(18~30 歲)要解決的議題是自我認同，他們會面臨身體、認知、心理、社會及靈性等多層面需求，所以本研究融合質性和量化方法來探討青年期學生學習禪定對身心靈的影響和改變。 研究分為兩個部份，第一部分是挑選符合研究目的之5 位質性訪談者，以立意取樣及深度訪談來蒐集資料，藉此了解其禪定歷程和學習禪定前後的身心靈變化；第二部份依學習禪定年資將研究對象分為兩組，共26 位（控制組為一年以內，13 位；實驗組為三年以上，13 位），測量個體的三軸晃動參數和心率變異數，藉由個體晃動比率來了解身體的穩定狀況，並定義身體晃動範圍，另外，藉由心率變異數來檢測自主神經功能，藉此了解心理放鬆狀況。透過上述主客觀測量來佐證禪定者身心靈的狀況。 本研究的結論如下： 一、實驗組相較於控制組，在最大晃動和平均晃動參數上的穩定度較好，有達到 顯著差異。 二、禪定對於增進身體健康和滿足心理需求是重要的方法。 (一)生存需求：食衣住行欲望變淡，更容易知足，不在意過多的外在追求。 (二)安全需求：在身體強健及心理感到安定部分的加強特別有感受。 (三)歸屬感與愛需求：此項改變最多，例如，懂得愛人、鼓勵與支持等。 (四)自尊需求：分為外在評價和內在自我省思，外在評價為不在意他人眼光等； 內在自我省思為相信自己、面對挑戰的勇氣、獨當一面的能力、有抗壓性。 (五)自我實現需求：分為外在物質與內在心靈的實現。外在物質為完成學業、通過考試等；內在心靈為放下煩惱、虔誠的信仰、世界和平、為社會付出。 三、學習禪定前後在靈性的四個層面都有明顯的正向改變。 (一)個人與自己：過程中需要面對自己、接納不完美的自己，最後去超越本來 的困難而變成一個全新的自己。 (二)個人與社群：在不斷敞開自己的過程中，對於人與人之間有一份相信，相 信地球可以因為人心的改變和實際行動而「世界和平」。 (三)個人與環境：發現個人與地球和環境是生命共同體，開始重視人與環境的 共存與和諧概念，有天地萬物一體的感受和想法。 (四)個人與超越性：在禪定中感受到來自靈性的聲音來帶給自己靈感，體驗過這樣的「超自然現象」，能跳脫「小我」框框，進入「大我」的心量和格局，用這樣遼闊的心和視野去影響自己的生命觀和待人接物。 本研究在質性的貢獻上是完整探討禪定對於青年期學生在身心靈的相互影響和歷程，符合世界衛生組織對「健康」的定義；另外，在量化研究的貢獻上則是提出晃動的量化參數，並且檢驗出禪定三年以上與一年以下的身體晃動差異。根據以上的發現，提出兩部分建議，第一部分是對青年期學生之建議；第二部分是對學校實務工作者提出建議，進而能對諮商與輔導相關之實務有所助益。

關鍵字

身心靈 ； 禪定 ； 青年期

並列摘要

Domestic and foreign scholars have many science proofs in the meditation research, and also point out that the meditation practice advantage body, mind and spirit... According to Eric H. Erickson, young adults (age of 18 to 30 ) will deal with the problem of self-identity, they will face physical, cognitive, psychological, social,
and spiritual and other levels of demand, so I will use qualitative and quantitative methods to explore how young adults change their body, mind, and spirit statuses with practicing the meditation.
The study is divided into two parts, first part is that I choose five people who match the research purposes to conduct qualitative interviews, knowing their experience of before-after practicing meditation and gather information about their changes in body, mind, and spirit with purposive sampling and depth interviews.
The next part, according their meditation seniorities, I divide my study subjects into two groups, 26 people in total. (13 people of one year in the control group and other 13 people of three years or above in the experimental group) I use three-axis measuring sway parameters and heart rate variance parameters, the ratio to understand the stability of the body conditions and to define the scope of the body sway through their body-shaking. In addition, I detect the autonomic nervous system (ANS) through their heart rate variability, understanding how they relax during this situation and
further testify meditation practitioners’ body, mind, and spirit conditions through the above objective and subjective measurements.
Conclusions of this study are as follows:
I. Compared with the control group, the experimental group has achieved significant differences in the maximum and average shaking parameters on good stability.
II. Meditation is an important way to promote good health andsatisfy the psychological needs.
A. Survival needs: less desire in external pursuit easily satisfied in life.
B. Security requirements: Strengthen body and psychological status.
C. Sense of belonging and love: This paper is the most obvious characteristic. For example, knowing how to love, encourage and support self and others.
D. Self-esteem: it is divided into external evaluations and internal self-reflection.
External evaluation includes not caring about others eyes; internal
self-reflection is to believe in him/her own self and face challenges bravely.Self-esteem is able to resist pressure and be solely responsible for one section.
E. Self-realization and achievement: Self achievement is about external materials,
such as completing their studies and passing exams. Self-realization is about inner spirit, such as putting down worries, keeping strong beliefs, even reward to the society with the “world peace” belief.
III. Four dimensions of inner nature have obviously close to positive direction due to practicing meditation.
A. Individuals: They have to face and accept imperfect themselves during the process, finally overcome the difficulties to transform a new one.
B. Individuals and communities: During the process of trying to be self open-minded, they strongly have a positive faith between themselves and others and believe that “world peace” will come to the earth because of the change of heart and practical dedications
C. Individuals and the environment: They will find an individual and the environment and the Earth are linked together as the life network. They will
pay attention to the concept of coexistence and harmony between man,
environment, and universe.
D. Individuals and transcendence: They feel their inner natures bring their own inspiration in meditation practice and all have experienced such "supernatural situation." They can jump out the "small I "and enter "large I" pattern of heart, with such vast heart and vision to influence their life and interpersonal skills. The study in qualitative research has a complete discussion on the contribution of meditation for young adult students in their course of interaction of body, mind and spirit and it is in line with the definition of “health” from World Health Organization. In addition, in quantitative research contributions, I make on sloshing of quantitative parameters, and test out meditation the difference of body sway between the above three-year practitioners and the one- year practitioners. According to the findings above, I declare two recommendations, first is for young adult students; second is for practical workers in schools and thus to advantage the consultative and coaching practices.

並列關鍵字

body-mind-spirit ； meditation ； young adults

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