臺灣「赤山龍湖巖」課誦儀軌音樂探析

佛教傳入中國之後，經歷代的傳承、發展與變遷，對於中華文化有很大的影響。尤其佛教思想影響中國已有悠久的歷史，歷代各地興建寺廟供奉神明，佈道示眾，推行佛教理念與儀軌，又透過相關佛學理論書籍，紀錄傳播與發揚佛學，因此民間已經形成系統性的佛教文化。近年來佛教相關團體也創辦佛學院，推行佛學刊物，更透過傳播媒體、網路資訊發揚佛教教義與思想，讓佛教不僅在中國各地生根，也流播到海外。臺灣的佛教歷史可以推溯至明代，隨著福建一帶的移民帶入臺灣，結合生活習俗，已經成為臺灣民間重要的信仰文化。位於臺灣臺南六甲區的「赤山龍湖巖」，已經有三百多年歷史，是臺灣最早的佛門寶剎之一，更是觀世音菩薩在臺灣最早的開基道場。由鄭成功部將陳永華興建，並迎請福建高僧參徹禪師（又名擇參）前來駐錫，為該巖第一代開山祖師，一直傳習至今深福法師已經是第十一代住持。「赤山龍湖巖」同時也是陳永華創立「天地會」的地點，是反清復明「洪門」的起源地，所以該巖具有歷史文化的重要意義。本文首先梳理「赤山龍湖巖」歷史背景與文化意涵，其次，分析說明該巖晨鐘暮鼓之儀軌音樂和功能性；其三，探析早晚課綸貫和共修班念佛儀規中梵唄之流程內容、唱詞和唱曲形式，以及曲體內容；最後結論論述「赤山龍湖巖」的課誦儀軌音樂，是傳承傳統佛教音樂的脈絡，又加入臺灣民間音樂文化綜合的梵唄形式。期望本研究之資料能提供相關研究者參考。

關鍵字

佛教音樂；梵唄；赤山龍湖巖；課誦儀軌音樂

並列摘要

Since it first was introduced to China, Buddhism has been passed down, developed and evolved to wield a strong influence on Chinese culture. It has been a long time since the Buddhist ideology influenced China, and Buddhist temples could be found everywhere to worship gods, sermonize the public, and promote the Buddhist ideology and rituals. In addition, with the publication of the Buddhist classics, Buddhism has been spread and promoted, which forms a systematic Buddhist culture in the civilian life. Recently, some Buddhist groups have established Buddhism academies, published Buddhist publications. Moreover, with mass media and the Internet to publicize and promote Buddhist ideology and thoughts, Buddhism has not only been rooted in China but also spread overseas. The development of Buddhism in Taiwan could be dated back to the Ming Dynasty, coming to Taiwan with the early immigrant from Fujian, which has now become a part of life customs and formed an important religious culture in Taiwanese civilian life. Chi-shan-long-hu-yan, located in Liujia, Tainan, Taiwan, was established more than three hundred years ago, and is one of the earliest temples in Taiwan, and the very first religious base for worshipping Guanyin, the Bodhisattva. This temple was established by Yong-hua Chen, a general under Koxinga, and invited a Zen master, Can-che (also named Ze-can) from Fujian to station as the first founding master. Now the chief abbot of the temple, Master Shen-fu, is the eleventh abbot. Chi-shan-long-hu-yan was also the site for Tian-di-hui (a Chinese fraternal organization) established by Yong-hua Chen as well as the starting place for Triad (Chine e Freemasonry), which makes this temple (yan) more significant historically and culturally. This paper will begin by introducing the historical background and cultural significance of Chi-shan-long-hu-yan. Secondly, the ritualistic music of the Buddhist monastic practice and its function will be analyzed. Thirdly, lun-guan (sermons and lessons) of morning and evening Buddhist monastic practices, and the procedures, lyrics, tunes, and melodies of fanbai (the Buddhist hymns) of the chanting rituals in the Buddhist meditation groups will also be analyzed. Finally, the ritualistic music for chanting and recitation will be discussed, which continues the contexts of the traditional Buddhist music and blends the fanbai form with Taiwanese folk music culture. Hopefully, the materials of this research will provide reference for researchers in the related fields.