The peristiid fishes of genus "Peristedion" are commonly collected using bottom trawls in Taiwan, yet only three species have been previously reported from Taiwan. A survey on the taxonomy and DNA barcoding revealed that four species are present in Taiwanese waters, namely "Peristedion liorhynchus", "P. nierstraszi", and "P. orientale", as well as a new record, "P. amblygenys". Diagnosis and color photos of each species are provided along with a key for distinguishing these four species.