現代海洋中國發展的探討－以香港、廣東與上海、長江三角洲地區為例－

Investigation of the Development of Modern Maritime China Exemplified by Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shanghai, the Yantze River Delta

嚴勝雄(Sen-Shun Yen) ； 吳連賞(Lien-Shang Wu)

《環境與世界》 4期 (2000/11) Pp. 1-21

https://doi.org/10.6304/EAW.2000.4.1

摘要

從歷代中國的發展觀之，不外有向內陸發展的大陸中國與向東方海上發展的海洋中國兩大方向。這兩大方向經常與外力對大陸中國壓力的大小及與之對抗能力大小有著相對應的關係。當漢、唐、元、清盛世時期，大陸中國發展勢力明顯壓倒海洋中國發展努力。其他時期，如三國東吳、五代南唐、宋、明等朝代向大陸中國發展受阻，為了經濟發展與生存競爭，不得不向海洋發展。
近代的中國或因與北方前蘇聯對立，或與俄羅斯、蒙古等中亞國家和睦相處，同時這些地區的國家多屬開發中國家，發展效果不如海洋另一端的束亞、束南亞及美加、澳紐等來得更具活力。因此要促進中國的現代化，唯有向海洋發展最具潛力與前瞻性。
本文以中國改革開放後的沿海東部，特別是香港、廣東與上海、長江三角洲地區為對象，探討外資投入帶動對外貿易的發展情形，這實即現代版海洋中國發展的典型代表地區。這些地區所帶動的外國直接投資熱潮，已全面刺激中國經濟與出口的大幅成長，也使大陸經濟發展穩定的向前邁進，已成為世界巨大的經濟體。不過值得注意的是：由於國際性的經濟不景氣、國外市場縮小，以及出口產品同質性高，江浙沿海的鄉鎮企業經營成本日漸提高，再加上即將加入WTO，致東部沿海地區以出口為導向的鄉鎮企業也面臨轉型的壓力。

關鍵字

現代海洋中國 ； 發展 ； 香港 ； 上海 ； 長江三角洲

並列摘要

By examining the history of China's various dynasties, scholars can easily identify two major directions guiding China's development, that is the continental China that has kept expanding into the hinterland and the maritime China that has tried to reach out to the eastern seas. These two directions have correlated with pressures brought upon by foreign forces and with the ability of China to counter these forces. In the Han, Tang, Yuan and Ch'ing dynasties when China was powerful and prosperous, the call of continental China obviously surpassed that of maritime China. In other periods such as The Three Kingdoms, The Five Epochs, Song, and Ming dynasties when China was weak, the expansion into the inland was obstructed. In order to survive and develop economy, China was forced to reach out to the ocean.
More recently China either opposed the former Soviet Union to the north or peaceful bordered Russia, Mongolia and central Asian countries. Because most countries in these areas are developing, China has not been able to compete with East Asia, Southeast Asia, North America and Australia and New Zealand with regard to maritime development. Therefore, to reach out to the ocean is the most potential and visionary approach to promoting the modernization of China.
This article primarily discusses the coastal eastern China after reform and open policy, especially Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shanghai, and the Yantze River Delta. Foreign investment into the areas has boosted their export and international trade. Therefore, they are really the areas typical of the development of the maritime China. The waves of direct foreign investment activated by these areas have not only caused tremendous growth of China's economy and export but also made it possible for China's economy to develop steadily. It is also obvious that China has become a large economic entity in the world.

並列關鍵字

Modern maritime China ； development ； Hong Kong ； Shanghai ； the Yantze River Delta