由杜甫新樂府看諷諭詩人主體建構

The Sbject Construction of Allegory Poet-According to Du Fu's New Yue Fu Poetry

朱我芯(Wo-Hsin Chu)

《中華學苑》 55期 (2001/02) Pp. 149-167

https://doi.org/10.30406/JCA.200102_(55).0007

摘要

本文藉由中唐新樂府(New Yuo Fu Poetry)的先驅者杜甫(Du Fu)的新樂府，探討諷諭詩人的主體建構(subject construction)，並參考拉康(Jacques Lacan)的鏡像理論(The Mirror Stage)及阿圖瑟(Louis Althusser)有關大主體(Subject)的論說建立理論架構，全文論點在於：杜甫的諷諭詩人主體是透過與各種鏡像的認同或疏離而建構；同時此個別諷諭主體也臣服、從屬於一個價值體系(value system)的大主體中。
杜甫透過與受難的人民、權威的君主、腐敗的外戚、侵略的外族等各種鏡像的認同或疏離，激發出憐憫或譴責的意念，而建構自我成諷諭詩人主體。杜甫的諷諭主體同時也是在一個價值體系的大主體中，受意識型態(Ideology)的召喚而完成建構，此價值體系的網絡綿密，包括：動亂的時局、儒家的濟世思想，官場的失意、先皇納諫的雅量、中國詩歌的諷諫傳統等，這些歷時、共時的條件，交織成一個杜甫所從屬的價值體系，在此宛如萬花筒的多面鏡像交織反射中，杜甫尋找並確認自己適當的立場及方式，進而完成諷諭詩人的主體建構。
杜甫以新樂府的寫作，作爲對以詩諷諫的意識型態的實踐或承認儀式，爲諷諭性新樂府的創作時代揭開了序幕，同時他的形象也反射回價值體系的大主體鏡像中，繼續由意識型態召喚的方式，去複製其他的詩人主體，如日後的元縝(Yuan Xan)、白居易(Bai Ju-Yi)，終能爲諷諭性新樂府的創作潮流締造高峰。

關鍵字

杜甫 ； 新樂府 ； 諷諭 ； 主體 ； 鏡像

並列摘要

The purpose of this article is to discuss the subject construction of allegorical poetry by analyzing the New Yue Fu Poetry of Du Fu, the pioneer of the New Yue Fu Poetry in the Tan Dynasty. The theoretical framework is based on Jacques Lacan's The Mirror Stage and Louis Althusser's Subject theory. The main point of this article is that Du Fu's allegorical poetry was constructed and organized through identifying with or being alienated from various mirrors. At the same time this allegorical subject was subjected to a Subject of value system.
Du Fu inspired the ideas of sympathy or rebuke by identifying with or being alienated from many mirrors, such as the suffering people, the absolute monarch, the emperor's corruptive in-law relatives, or those tribes who tried to invade China. In this way he built up his own allegorical subject. At the same time, the subject belonged to a Subject of the value system, and was summoned by an ideology. This value system was like a well-meshed net, which included the unstable situation, Confucian's beneficence, his falling into disfavor, the allegorical tradition of Chinese poetry. In this value system, which was woven by many mirrors like a kaleidoscope, Du Fu searched for and identified with his own position and writing style, and then completed his subject construction of the allegorical poetry.
Du Fu's writing New Yue Fu Poetry was a ceremony of admitting or practicing the ideology of allegorizing with poems. It was the prelude of the allegorical New Yue Fu Poetry era. Simultaneously, his image was reflected in the Subject of the value system and continued to summon the appearance of the subjects of other poets, including Yuan Xan and Bai Ju-Yi, who later achieved the peak of creating allegorical New Yue Fu Poetry.

並列關鍵字

Du Fu ； New Yue Fu poetry ； allegory ； Subject ； The Mirror