- 期刊
毛奇齡《四書》學中的義理內涵
The Meaning Content of the Great Four Book Learning of Mao Qi Ling
摘要
毛奇齡少學舉業，然而在流亡嵩山時，得到高笠先生的古本《大學》，學術於是有所轉變，《大學知本圖說》中詳載其中始末，交代傳習遼東賀凌臺學術的過程，神祕的「授書儀式」，難免引人懷疑，不過以非理性的神祕來突顯理性的神聖，本來就是傳統文化中常有的思惟模式。毛奇齡有意說明在典籍的理解上，是可以配合個人心理反思的過程，經由內視反思的過程分析，確立心、意是心理活動最單純之境，所謂「心」是內心坦然自適的狀態，心思已動，則爲意念，至於「知」則是察鑑反省的檢視活動，所以心是未發，意是已發，知則存乎其間，隨時發動，時時省察，從發生的過程，彼此相互關聯，但從範圍上來說，心是載體，是全然的心理，其實也未必可以刻板劃分先後，畢竟思緒發動之時，也仍屬於心理的活動，所以心意無須強分次第，至於下手工夫則是以「誠意」爲先，因爲已發才能省鑑，才能著力，之後再求坦然自適，即是「正心」工夫，經由誠意、正心交互運用，可以收其成效。於是依其追尋根本的體會，將《大學》開示的內涵，表列格式，畫成「《大學》有本」、「格物知本」、「格物以修身爲本」、「修身以誠意爲本」四圖，使修習涵養有可以依循的進程，也擺脫朱子所建立的三綱八目的詮釋架構，對於宋、元以來的爭議不休的議題，也就有不一樣的方向。本文即是嘗試在探究毛奇齡考據之功外，進一步釐清其義理思考的內容，藉以提供更豐富深入的了解。
並列摘要
Mao qi ling had excellence performance while exiling in Song shan, obtained the ancient book from Mr. Gao li's ”Da Xue”, therefore he had a dramatic academic shift. ”Da Xue Zhi Ben Tu Shue” had recorded the details, explained the learning processes in Lian dong he ling tai, the mystery ”Teaching ceremony” inevitably caused suspension, but using irrational mystery to show the rational sacred, is the regular basic thinking mode in traditional culture. Mao qi ling intended to explain upon the comprehension of the book that can be match to the process of the personal repeated thoughts, via through analysis of the inner thoughts, to establish heart and mind are the purest state of psychological activity. About ”Heart” is the state of the inner comfortable, heart act means mind thought, and about ”Knowing” is examining activity of supervising the regret, so heart asleep, mind awake, knowing in between. Therefore, acting and revising anytime, the whole process is cross-linking to each other. In a scope of view, heart is the carrier, is the whole psychology, but not absolutely can distinctly classify the order, after all emotional triggered still belong to the mind activity, so heart and mind have no need to distinguish the sequence, but still about acting, sincerity come first. Because by doing it, then we can revise it, work on it and then feel comfortable, this is so called decent mind. From sincerity, decent mind interactive and obtain the efficiency. To figure out the searching basic root, draw four pictures of the basic of Da Xue, knowing it before doing it, doing it start with cultivating with self’s heart, cultivate self’s heart start with sincerity displayed by the index and tables. For the argument issue from Song and Yung dynasty, it had different aspect of explanations. This attitude is trying to explore the epicrisis of Mr. Mao qi ling, but also take a step future to separate the meaning of the thoughts and provide the future deep search and understandings.