明代文人讀書志趣的樹立

讀書，讓人長見識、明是非、堅心志、展抱負。讀書更可以發掘生活中的多種情趣，自古文人皆然。讀書生活是文人四季皆宜、不可或缺的人生功課。身為知識階層的明代文人，對於知識的汲取與學習，常視為人生生涯規劃的重要目標之一。過去傳統的中國社會價值觀念，重視以科舉考試作為身分轉換與地位取得的重要過程，然而受到明代中晚期強調性靈生活的思想影響，部分文人遂選擇跳脫科舉制度下功利性質的讀書目的，開始單純尋求書中的知識，並將讀書當做是生活中的一種樂趣。於是有別於傳統框架的讀書性格，轉而以追求各適其適、淡泊名利、修養德性，強調讀書的自主、自修、自懺、自警與自娛、自適、自快、自在的特質，在生活上樹立起超脫與豁達的讀書志趣。明代文人讀書生活的心志趨向，往往蘊含隱逸情懷，掩關習靜、閉門謝客，不問俗事，自少至老，手不釋卷，喜搜求古籍異書，不即登床，展書閱讀，遠離塵囂於山林幽靜的書齋中，沉浸在大自然的懷抱，學習「定、靜、安、慮、得」的恬靜安逸境界。藉由讀書陶冶情操、修身養性、閒適自娛，使內心充盈起來，達到增廣知識、豐富精神生活、品位人生的旨趣。世間的事物盛極而衰，為必然之理，惟有讀書可以立身、可以揚名，更可藉由讀書的過程樹立志趣。讀書志趣的樹立是一種文人生活文化的表徵，明代文人無論是宦途致仕，或科場不遂，或志存幽恬，大都醉心於退守書齋一隅，耕讀自娛。而深尋明代文人風雅的讀書生活，不僅可一窺堂奧，亦能反映讀書成了明代文人陶冶情操、淨化心靈、寄託感情、增添樂趣，擴展視野的最好精神享受。本文分為：前言、修身養性、閒適自娛、增廣知識、結語等五部分來探究明代文人樹立讀書志趣的一個時代面向。

關鍵字

明代；文人；書齋；讀書；生活；志趣

並列摘要

From ancient to modern time, reading can not only explore life more but also increase knowledge. Scholars in Ming Dynasty thought it as an important target in life. In the traditional Chinese society, Imperial Examination was a valued way through which intelligentsia could gain a higher class. But in late Ming Dynasty, some scholars chose to take reading as a life interest instead of the official rank purpose. They lived a simple way of life since bureaucracy and social made no sense for them anymore. Living in the quiet mountains and natural forest to increase knowledge became the goal for them. Things change one after another. But the only reading and studies can make life valuable. Seeking the core belief of the scholars in Ming Dynasty through reading and studying lives, we will know why reading was the spiritual enjoyment for them.