從悲劇觀與道德觀探討南戲《張協狀元》

《張協狀元》編撰于南宋，作者不詳，有認為是南宋時溫州九山書會所創作。它收錄在明代《永樂大典》中，是現存最早南戲劇本。西元2000年永嘉昆劇團演出《張協狀元》改編本，保留原作以人為道具，一個演員扮演多個角色之演出風格，讓人們得以領略早期南戲之風采。《張協狀元》故事情節是張協上京應舉，在五雞山遇強盜受傷，投宿古廟，幸得貧女相留，在廟中結為夫婦。婚後張協仍上京應試，得中狀元。樞密使王德用之女兒勝花想招他為婿，張協拒絕，勝花鬱鬱而亡。貧女知道張協中了狀元，上京尋他，誰知張協翻臉不認，貧女只好回到五雞山。後來張協到梓州上任，途中經過五雞山，適逢貧女，張協拔劍將她刺傷。幸貧女被人救活。後來，王德用也到梓州赴任，在五雞山古廟中認貧女為義女。王德用到梓州去，原意想當張協頂頭上司，以報拒婚之怨。當張協表示願意娶他女兒時，王德用便將貧女嫁給他。事實上《張協狀元》這齣戲是一個悲劇，張協為追求功名，達成目標後，卻忘恩負義，刺殺昔日救命恩人，且是糟糠之妻；同時辜負樞密使千金之下嫁好意，終致千金鬱鬱身亡。魯迅認為悲劇應該是「將人生有價值的東西毀滅給人看」，而黑格爾則認為悲劇是衝突兩種力量達到和解的結果，來自內心善與惡的掙扎。《張協狀元》只有六位演員，分別扮演不同角色，以身體語言和唱腔來闡釋整齣戲之情節架構，充分表達劇中人物之喜、怒、哀、樂，堪稱南戲經典之作。

關鍵字

悲劇；張協；五雞山；貧女；樞密使；勝花；梓州

並列摘要

〈Jang-Shye Juang Yuan〉 was Compiled in the Southern Sung Dynasty and the writer was unknown. Someone thought that it was created by Jeou-Shan Study Club of Wenchow City in the Southern Sung Dynasty. It was the earlist Southern Opera which was included in the 〈Encyclopedia Sinica〉 of the Ming Dynasty. The〈Jang-Shye Juang Yuan〉 was adapted and performed by the Yeong-Jia Kun Opera group in 2000, which preserved the Original spirits that an actor played many Kinds of roles, so that people could understand the graceful bearing of early Southern Opera. The plot of the story〈Jang-Shye Juang Yuan〉 was that Jang-Shye went to the capital to join the exam of Capital and was hurt by robbers in Wu-Ji Mountain-Jang-Shye stayed in an ancient temple for the night and met a poor woman, then they got married in the temple. After married, Jang-Shye still joined the exam and became the top candidate. The prime minister-Wang Der-yong-his daughter-Sheng Hua wanted to get married with Jang-Shye, but he refused. Sheng Hua became depressed and died finally. The poor woman knew that Jang Shye got the Juang-Yuan and looked for him in the capital. However, Chung Shye denied her, so the poor woman went back to the Wu-Ji Mountain. Afterwards Jang-Shye took up an offical appointment in Tzyy-Chou. He met the poor woman when he came to the Wu-Ji Mountain. He used the sord and hurt the poor woman. The poor woman fortunately was saved. Then, Wan Der Yong also went to the tzyy-chou and identified the poor woman as his daughter in the temple. Wang Der Yuan would like to take a revenge on Jang-Shye, but when Chung-Shye showed his will to get married with his daughter, Wang Der yong let the poor woman get married with Jang-Shye. Actually this drama was a tragedy; Chung-Shye was eager to chase an official rank, when he got the goal, he was forgetful of all favors and assassinated the savior of his life, who was also his wife; in the meantime he let the prime minister's daughter down and she died in the end. Lu-Shiunn thought that tragedy should be ”destroying the valuable things of life and Showing up”, however, Hegel thought that tragedy was a kind of reconciled result of two contrast powers, which came from struggles between good and evil. There are only six actors in this opera who played different roles. They interpreted the plot by using their body languages and voices and totally expressed the joy、angry、sad、happy of those people in this opera. It may be rated as a classical art of the southern Opera.