- 期刊
主觀量的偏離與限度－“太”的語義特徵分析
Deviation and Limit of Subjective Quantity: An Analasis of the Semantics of TAI 'too' in Mandarin
摘要
本文從認知心理的角度探討了現代漢語中的程度副詞“太”的語義特徵及其概念基礎。“太”可以與性質形容詞、心理動詞以及動詞短語等相搭配，形成“太＋A/V”結構，表示程度高或者程度過分的意義，同時傳達說話人強烈的感情色彩。這兩種語義共同的概念基礎在於，事物實際的程度量大大偏離了說話人主觀形成的常規量或預期量的範圍。相對於主觀量的偏離可以分為負向偏離和正向偏離兩類。當“太＋A/V”結構表達負向偏離時，事物的程度量的偏離在說話人看來超出了可容忍的限度，從而傳達說話人不滿的情感；表達正向偏離時，事物的程度量的偏離在說話人看來是合意的，因此說話人為這種偏離賦予讚歎、羨慕、喜愛、滿足、自豪等感情色彩。有時候當正向偏離超過一定的限度時，積極的特徵則轉變為消極的特徵。偏離所造成的後果一般通過後續句表達出來。與其他表達高量的程度副詞如“很”相比，“太”的特殊性在於表達高量的同時傳達說話人的主觀觀點和情感。此外，“太＋A/V”結構還可以與否定詞“不”結合，表達程度過分或者委婉的意義。
並列摘要
This paper investigates the semantic features and the conceptual foundation of the degree adverb tai 'too' in Mandarin Chinese from a cognitive-psychological perspective. The adverb tai often modifies qualitative adjectives, psychological verbs or verb phrases, forming a ”tai A/V” construction. This construction is used to express two meanings: a high degree or an excess degree. Meanwhile, the speaker's intense emotion is released by the use of tai. The common conceptual foundation of the two meanings is that the actual quantification of the object greatly deviates one of the subjective quantities (SQ) in the speaker's cognition: the stereotypical value or the expectation value. The deviation from the SQ may be positive or negative. When the ”tai A/V” construction designates a negative deviation, it implies that the degree of the deviation exceeds the limit of the speaker's tolerance, resulting in the speaker's discontent. When the construction designates a positive deviation, it implies that the deviation is desirable for the speaker, thus evoking the speaker's praise, admiration, fondness, satisfaction or pride. Sometimes when the positive deviation exceeds a limit, the positive property turns to negative. The consequence of the deviation is often presented in the subsequent clause. Compared to other high-degree adverbs like hen 'very', the adverb tai not only marks off a high degree, but also conveys the speaker's subjective viewpoint and intense emotion. Moreover, the ”tai A/V” construction may combine with negative marker bu 'not' to indicate an excess degree or perform a euphemistic function.