德國保險契約法之百年改革：要保人告知義務新制及其檢討

Reform of the Duty of Disclosure in German Insurance Contract Act 2008 and the Commentary

葉啟洲(Chi-Chou Yeh)

《臺大法學論叢》 41卷1期 (2012/03) Pp. 245-327

https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.2012.41.01.04

摘要

德國保險契約法在2006年底完成了該法施行近百年來的最大修正，新法並自2008年1月1日起生效，其修正幅度之大，幾可謂已達重新立法的程度。而要保人告知義務為保險契約法上的核心規定，在本次修法中也是修正重點。新法一方面將多年來實務與學說已經承認的眼耳原則納入新法，並基於保護消費者之原則，大幅限縮保險人解除保險契約的機會，而代之以終止權及契約內容調整權，以維護對價平衡原則，確保要保人不至於因為輕微的違反告知義務而溯及喪失保險保護，同時課以保險人有向要保人說明告知義務違反效果之義務以及行使解除、終止或契約調整權時之說理義務。另一方面，新法在排除惡意要保人的保障方面也增訂了數項規定，形成加強保護善意要保人及擴大排除惡意要保人之保障的雙重原則。此等最新發展，在比較法上深其研究價值，亦可作為我國法律發展上的參考。

關鍵字

告知義務 ； 對價平衡原則 ； 消費者保護 ； 眼耳原則 ； 保險人說明義務 ； 詐欺 ； 締約上過失 ； 平等待遇 ； 基因資訊

並列摘要

The German insurance contract act had been amended enormously in 2006 which is also known as the biggest modification in the past ten decades. The new law is in effective from Jan 1st 2008, however the new law was considered dramatically different than the original one. One of the main modifications is ”policyholder's duty of disclosure”, one of the core principles in insurance contract law.The new law acknowledges the concept of ”eye-and-ear principle” which was prevalent in practice and in theory. It also extensively diminishes the possibility for the insurer to rescind the contract by adding the right of termination and adjustment for him based on the ”consumer protection principle”, thus upholds the ”principle of equivalence” to make sure the policyholder will not forfeit the insurance protection due to a minor breach of duty to disclose. Meanwhile the new law inflicts the insurer with mainly two obligations: one is to reveal the consequence of breaching the duty of disclosure before the application, second is to reason the policyholder when he rescinds, terminates or adjusts the contract. On the other hand, the new law inserts several regulations to obviate the bad faith policyholder, hence strengthens the protection of the good faith policyholder.These new developments not only have a significant research value towards the comparative law but also a model for our domestic law for future reference.

並列關鍵字

duty of disclosure ； principle of equivalence ； consumer protection ； Eye-Ear-principle ； duty to inform of insurer ； fraudulence ； culpa in contrahendo ； nondiscrimination ； genetic information

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