戰後臺灣農會的制度改革(1950-1954)

The Institutional Reform of the Farmers' Associations in Postwar Taiwan (1950-1954)

程朝雲(Zhao-Yun Cheng)

《玄奘人文學報》 8期 (2008/07) Pp. 279-308

https://doi.org/10.29956/HCHJ.200807.0010

摘要

在1949年農會與合作社合并不久，農復會即開始醖釀對農會體制進行改革，以將臺灣農會改造成一個居于農民與政府之間的中間組織，從而協助農復會的各項農村改造計劃。農復會對農會的制度設計，体現于安德生的調查報告，其主要內容包括：將會員區分爲正式會員與贊助會員，以使農會成爲真正農民的農會；實行權能劃分，將農會經營權交予總幹事，農會應遠離政冶活動；農會的業務範圍應涵蓋農民經濟、社會生活的方方面面等。對于農復會倡導的這場農會制度改革，國民黨也非常重視，一方面希望藉由農會改革得以掌控農會，進而將其力量深入臺灣基層社會，另一方面，也希望透過改革後的農會，來配合土地改革的各項後續工作，以及政府的其他農業政策。國民黨的上述意圖，在農會改革的正式法令：“改進臺灣省各級農會暫行條例”中有所體現。該條例在安德生報告的基礎上擬訂，在其擬訂過程中，安德生與農復會將非農民會員排除在農會權力階層之外的意見，會受到農會非農民會員，以及原有權力階層的反彈。在各方利益的影响下，該條例一方面在限制非農民會員的權利方面，仍然采取了比較嚴格的規定；另一方面，對農民會員的資格條件，又有所放寬。在改革的正式法令確定之後，國民黨主导了此次農會改革的实施，既擴大徵求農民黨員，又透過提名作業的方式，掌握各級農會選任人員以及總幹事的人選；由于總幹事在改革後的農會架構中，擁有農會的實際經營權，因此更成爲國民黨著力經營的職位。通過調整農會權力階層，國民黨對地方派系既打擊又籠絡，從而達到了掌控農會的目的。而由農復會與國民黨共同打造的戰後臺灣農會，成爲一個具有多目標功能，集農民職業團體、農村合作組織與政府附屬機構等特質于一體的特殊的農民組織。

關鍵字

農會 ； 農復會 ； 國民黨 ； 地方派系

並列摘要

Not long after the combination of the Farmers' Associations and the cooperatives, the JCRR prepared the institutional reform of the FAs in order to make the FAs as a bridge between the farmers and the government which can help the JCRR carry out the rural construction programs. The institution of the FAs designed by the JCRR was expressed in the Dr. Anderson's report, which included separating the members into the Regular Members and the Associate Members, in order to make the FAs to be the farmers'; separating the authority and ability, the General Manager being charged with the FA's management; keeping the associations out of politics; and rendering more services to farmers in every fields concerning the farmers' economical and social living. The Kuomintang, who hoped to control the FAs and then extend its force into the rural Taiwan by the reform, as well as hoped the reformed FAs to help the continuing work of the land reform and to be the cooperator of its other agricultural policies, also appreciated the institutional reform very much. The Kuomintang's intention to the reform was reflected in the ”Provincial By-law Governing the Improvement of Farmers' Associations of Different Levels in Taiwan”, which was the formal regulation of this reform and based on the Dr. Anderson's report, while was opposed by the non-farmer members and the old authorities of the FAs during the regulation was discussing, because Dr. Anderson and the JCRR decided to keep the non-farmer members out of the authority of the FAs. The by-law still regulated strictly to restrict the power of the non-farmer members, but at the same time, loosened the demand of the qualification of the farmer members, according to the effects of different interests. After the by-law was formulated, having controlled the dominant power of the FAs reform, the Kuomintang absorbed more farmers to join the party and controlled the elected staff and the General Managers, who were appreciated much more by the Kuomintang according to their managing authority. The Kuomintang and its government controlled the FAs by adjusting the authority of the FAs and pressing, as well as packing, the local factions. The FAs in postwar Taiwan designed both by the JCRR and the Kuomintang, became one kind of special multi-purpose farmers' organization, which had the characteristics of farmers' occupational associations, agricultural cooperatives and the governmental affiliates at the same time.

並列關鍵字

The Farmers' Associations ； JCRR ； Kuomintang ； Local Faction