從詩教傳統論《詩經》“風雅正變”

To Discourse "Zheng and Bian (Accounts of Flourishing Age and Turbulent Days) in Feng and Ya" of "the Book of Poetry" from Traditional Education through Poetry

張鴻愷(Hung-Kai Chang)

《玄奘人文學報》 9期 (2009/07) Pp. 31-46

https://doi.org/10.29956/HCHJ.200907.0002

摘要

《詩經》不啻是文學意義上的詩，更是瞭解周代社會史、風俗史、制度史的重要資料。在《毛詩序》看來，《詩經》中的每篇作品都是對某種教化觀念的隱喻，並認爲詩歌本身反映了政治之興衰。鄭玄《詩譜序》甚則按照時代的順序劃分「正」與「變」，將《詩經》解釋成反映治亂興衰的編年史。「正變」說是《毛詩》對傳統詩學理論所做出的重大貢獻，強調詩的社會作用以及「詩」與政治的密切關係，因此達成「上以風化下，下以風刺上」的感化諷諫功能，由此形成詩歌的「美刺」之說。本文試圖從儒家詩教傳統，析論《詩經》「風雅正變」說與歷史環境之關係及其透顯之文化精神，並述其「美刺」的社會功能對後世文學觀之影響，以說明《毛詩》之歷史地位。

關鍵字

詩經 ； 風雅 ； 正變 ； 毛詩 ； 鄭玄 ； 孔穎達

並列摘要

”The Book of Poetry” is not just a collection of poems with significance on literature, but also important data to understand Zhou Dynasty's history of society, history of customs, and history of system. To look from the viewpoint of ”Mao Shi Xu (Preface to Mao Poetry),” each work of ”The Book of Poetry” is a metaphor to certain concept to civilize people, and it maintains that poems and songs reflect the vicissitudes on politics. Zheng Xuan's ”Shi Pu Xu (Preface to Poems in Chronological Order)” divides the poems into ”Zheng (flourishing age)” and ”Bian (turbulent days)” in accordance with the sequence of the times, and interprets ”The Book of Poetry” to be annals that mirror order and prosperity on the one hand and confusion and decline on the other. The theory of ”Zheng (flourishing age)” and” Bian (turbulent days)” is a great contribution to traditional poetics theory made by ”Mao Shi (Mao Poetry),” which emphasizes poetry's social effect and close relationship with politics, achieved the functions of influencing, reforming, satirizing, and remonstrating (a ruler in power can influence and reform the people with his morality and conduct; but if the ruler in power is not functioning well, the people will write poems to expostulate him), and formed the theory of ”euphemistic expostulation” of poems and songs. From traditional Confucian education through poetry, the dissertation tried to analyze the relationship between ”Zheng and Bian (accounts of flourishing age and turbulent days) in Feng and Ya” of ”The Book of Poetry” and the historical environment, as well as the cultural spirit it reveals, and stated the influence of social function of ”euphemistic expostulation” on the literature perspective of later generations to explain the historical status of ”Mao Shi (Mao Poetry).”

並列關鍵字

The Book of Poetry ； Feng and Ya ； Zheng and Bian accounts of flourishing age and turbulent days ； Zheng flourishing age and Bian turbulent days ； Mao Shi Mao Poetry ； Zheng Xuan ； Kong Ying-Da