敦煌講唱文學中的「韻、平、側、吟、斷」注記符號意義探析

敦煌藏經洞保存了諸多講唱文學寫卷，唱辭上方經常出現「韻、平、側、吟、斷」等附加注記，其定義歷來眾說紛紜。本文將由音韻學之思考角度出發，探究諸符號對應內容的用韻與聲調使用情形，予以「韻、平、側、吟、斷」注記符號更貼近寫卷文本的分析。所謂「韻」，實指偶數句韻近；「平」指偶數句收平聲；「側」指偶數句收「上、去、入」仄聲；「吟」指吟詠，故少見閉音節的入聲收尾，多使用帶有鼻音性質的陽聲韻字，以便長吟；「斷」指截斷，由連續的平聲收尾為起始點，後於奇數字以仄聲收尾，且使用較高比例的入聲字間隔平聲吟詠內容，藉由收促的截斷點創造出節奏規律。組合式的注記符號，主要是透過符號間的重組，創造出更多聲音變化效果。諸多注記符號所統合之唱辭，均屬三等韻字，三等半元音性質〔-j-〕介音後方銜接舌位較低之主要元音時，便產生出響度由小到大的聽覺感受，故能放大韻尾性質，強化鼻音韻尾以及塞音韻尾的表現。綜合寫本學的研究角度，可以分析出講唱手稿寫卷、案頭抄寫寫卷二類。「韻、平、側、吟、斷」等注記符號不但反映講唱者對於文字語音之高度掌握，亦藉由聲情轉變，呼應講唱內容，增添聽眾興致，除了豐富聽覺感受，達到宣教目的之外，更使俗眾對於文本產生情感共鳴。

關鍵字

敦煌；講唱文學；韻；平；側；吟；斷

並列摘要

There were many scriptures and manuscripts preserved in sutra cave of Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang. In Dunhuang manuscripts, we can see additional annotations like ＂韻Yun, 平Ping, 側Ce, 吟Yin, 斷Duan＂ on top of libretto, but the definition always opinions differ. In this article, the writer will use the concept of phonology to explore how did additional annotations described above correspond with rhyme and tone in the content of Dunhuang manuscripts, and do a clear research on additional annotations like ＂韻Yun, 平Ping, 側Ce, 吟Yin, 斷Duan＂ to make them more close to the meaning of Dunhuang manuscripts. The meaning of ＂韻Yun＂ is rhyme in even sentences is similar. The meaning of ＂平Ping＂ is even sentences ended up in level tones. The meaning of ＂側Ce＂ is even sentences ended up in rising tones, falling tone and entering tones. The meaning of ＂吟Yin＂ is chant. In order to take a long moan, the chant seldom ended up in entering tones of closed syllable but often ended up in nasal syllable. The meaning of ＂斷Duan＂ is shortening the sentence. The chant will started in continuous level tones ending and ended up in odd words with oblique tones in classical Chinese pronunciation, also, use a higher proportion of entering tone words to interval the chant content in level tones to create a rhythm through fast shorten point. Combined annotation symbols mainly through the recombination of symbols to create more sound changing effects. Librettos which combined by many annotation symbols are belong to Middle Chinese division Ⅲ words. When connected low-tongue position of main vowel after the Middle Chinese division Ⅲ word〔-j-〕, we can discover a hearing experience with loudness ranging from small to large. Thus, the characteristic of rhyme can be enlarged and the performance of nasal and stops syllables can also be strengthened. The additional annotations written in different heights with different meanings. ＂韻Yun, 平Ping, 側Ce, 吟Yin, 斷Duan＂ can not only reflect speakers' high degree of mastery of text and speech voice but can also promote public's emotional resonance about storytelling by changing tones to echo the content of speech. When promote public's emotional resonance about storytelling, speakers can increase audiences' interest and interesting of telling and singing literature, also, speakers can achieve their goal of preach.