妲厄娜（daēnā）與電光佛

在日本奈良大和文華館藏〈冥王聖圖〉（〈六道図〉）的第四層，一位女神干預審判，在第一層這位女神歡迎和歡送捐畫者的靈魂。此女神可能受到祆教妲厄娜（daēnā）的影響。根據粟特文文書So 14731，當一個有正義靈魂（'rt'w rw'nh）的人去世時，他的業（'krtyh）即宛如處女的接引之神（ptyc βγy）會出現在他面前。在吐魯番出土的9－10世紀的魂幡MIK III 6286正面（？）上，公主波須斯之像象徵其正義的靈魂（佛性），上部光明童女王冠上的十八個小的女神頭像象徵亡靈生前的善業。在吐魯番出土絹繡MIK III 6251上，光明童女右手拈著的浮蓮花蕾象徵佛性（解脫的光明），其頭光上的十八個小的女神頭像也象徵亡靈生前的善業。《下部讚》中的「電光佛」可以勘同於回鶻文文書Pelliot Chinois 3049 [A]中的光明童女（kanī rōšan täŋri）（也即）電光神（yašɪn täŋri）。霞浦文書《四寂讚》的「謹你（ki̭ən-ni）」是帕提亞文書M 1367 qnyg [kanīg]（[光明]童女）的音譯。霞浦文書《摩尼光佛》中的一首讚偈稱頌：「謹你盧詵……大天真宰電光王佛」。這證實電光王佛就是光明童女，因為謹你盧詵（ki̭ən-ni luo-ʂi̯ěn）就是帕提亞文qnyg rwšn [kanīgrōšn]（光明童女）的音譯。日本私人收藏的「宇宙全圖」的審判場景左下角的一朵紅雲上站著三個人，兩個側面者是淨信聽者的亡靈，一個正面者是師僧的亡靈。左邊電光王佛手中兩個帶頭光的人頭象徵他們的善業。電光王佛讓師僧與淨信聽者的佛性與其善業飛昇明界。電光王佛的地位比宛如處女的接引之神高得多，根據霞浦文書《奏申牒疏科冊》的《奏教主》，電光王佛可以頒布明敕，行下陰府諸司，赦釋亡魂，領善功直登凈邦。福清西利魏道壇還保存了電光王佛畫像，不過已經漢化程度更深了。

Keywords

摩尼教；電光佛；敦煌吐魯番文書；繪畫；福建宗教文書

Parallel abstracts

On the "Sacred Painting of Hades" ("Rokudōzu") of Yamato Bunkakan, Nara, Japan, a goddess intervenes the judgement in the 4^(th) register and welcomes and sees off the soul(s) of the donor(s) of this painting, in the 1^(st) register. This goddess may have been influenced by Zoroastrian daēnā. According to Sogdian document So 14731, when a man with righteous soul ('rt'w rw'nh) dies, his own actions ('krtyh), as a facing god (ptyc βγy) (who is) a virgin girl will come before his face. On the mortuary banner MIK III 6286 side 1 (?), the image of the princess Busuš symbolizes her righteous soul (Buddha-nature), and the eighteen small female busts on the crown of the Virgin of Light symbolize the good actions of the deceased persons. On the embroidered silk MIK III 6251, the lotus bud held in the right hand of Virgin of Light symbolizes the Buddha-nature (freed light) of the deceased persons, and the eighteen small female busts on her halo also symbolize the good deeds done by the deceased persons during their lifetime. Lightning Buddha of Hymnscroll can be identified with "Maiden of Light (kanī rōšan täŋri), (who also is the) God(dess) of Lightning (yašɪ n täŋri)" of Uygur text Pelliot Chinois 3049 [A]. ki̭ ən-ni 謹你 of Xiapu text Sijizan "Praise of the Four Entities of Calmness" is transliteration of qnyg [kanīg] (Virgin (of Light) of Parthian text M 1367. A hymn in Xiapu text Mani the Buddha of Light praises "ki̭ ən-ni luo-ʂi̯ěn 謹你嚧詵……Real Master of Great Heaven-Lightning Royal Buddha." It confirms that Lightning Royal Buddha is identified with Virgin of Light because ki̭ ən-ni luo-ʂi̯ěn is transliteration of Parthian qnyg rwšn [kanīg rōšn] (Virgin of Light). In the "Diagram of Universe," private collection, Japan, on the lower left side of the judgment scene there is a red cloud on which three figures stand. Two of them depicted in profile are righteous souls of hearers and the third in full frontal view is soul of an elect. The two haloed heads in the hands of the Lightning Royal Buddha on the left side symbolize their good deeds. The Lightning Royal Buddha let the righteous souls with their good deeds ascend to the Realm of Light. The status of Lightning Royal Buddha is much higher than that of a facing god (ptyc βγy) (who is) a virgin girl and can order Hades to pardon and liberate the souls and let the souls welcome by their own good deeds and directly ascend Pure Land according to "Memorial to the Founders of the Religion" of Xiapu text Manual of Memorial, Notification, Mandate and Statement. Xiliwei altar in Fuqing County, Fujian Province, preserves the portrait of Lightning Royal Buddha who has been more Sinicized.