愛瑪‧高德曼（Emma Goldman）及其《大地之母》（Mother Earth）月刊的行動宣傳：以其跨國網絡與性別論述為例

Emma Goldman and the "Propaganda by the Deed" of "Mother Earth": Its Transnational Networks and Gender Activism

許慧琦(Hui-Chi Hsu)

《近代中國婦女史研究》 20期 (2012/12) Pp. 107-166

https://doi.org/10.6352/mhwomen.201212.0107

摘要

本文旨在探究由美國無政府主義領袖愛瑪‧高德曼（Emma Goldman, 1869-1940）出版的《大地之母》月刊（Mother Earth, 1906-1917）的行動宣傳。《大地之母》集結高德曼及其同志友人的心力，其代表性地體現自1870年代學始於歐洲的「行動宣傳」（propaganda by the deed），如何在20世紀初葉的美國社會進行。本文申論《大地之母》開展出我稱之為「三合一」的運作機制；亦即，《大地之母》月刊本身、其出版社（Mother Earth Publishing Association，於1907年成立）發行的出版品與宣傳小冊、以及高德曼為支撐該刊財務而進行的年度全美巡迴演說所發展出的共生關係。本文將以彰顯其言行合一風格的跨國網絡與性別論述為例，討論該刊如何進行「行動宣傳」並藉此思索研究期刊運作可能發展的新方向。基於本文的研究，我建議對於期刊運作的研究，或應超越期刊本身（及其脈絡），以更全面地視各別期刊（例如對《大地之母》的研究不應忽略高德曼的演說與該出版社的宣傳出版品）的運作，進行更廣泛的檢視與綜合考察。

關鍵字

愛瑪‧高德曼 ； 大地之母 ； 行動宣傳 ； 跨國網絡 ； 性別論述

並列摘要

This article features the activist propaganda of ”Mother Earth”, a monthly magazine published by the American anarchist leader Emma Goldman (1869-1940) from 1906 to- 1917. A product of collective teamwork by Goldman and her comrades and friends, ”Mother Earth” showcased how ”propaganda by the deed,” a feasible activist creed for the anarchist movement that started from in Europe in the 1870s, could be applied in the early 20thtwntieth-century United .States. I argue that the comprehensive project of ”Mother Earth” is characterized by what I call ”3-in-1 symbiotic mechanism;” i.e., the journal itself functioned interdependently with the annual lecturing tours of Goldman and the publications by Mother Earth Publishing Association. In order to highlight such characteristic, I focus on the transnational networks and gender activism of ”Mother Earth” to explore how it was operated in an inclusive manner. By demonstrating the activist propaganda of ”Mother Earth”, I also propose a reconsideration of journal studies regarding the appraisal of how a journal functioned. Based on this study, I suggest that we might need to extend beyond the journal itself (and its context) to evaluate how it operated during its period of publication.

並列關鍵字

Emma Goldman ； "Mother Earth" ； Propaganda by the Deed ； Transnational Networks ； Discourses on Gender

參考文獻

“Paterson Anarchists Rejoice at the Shooting ," New York Time (September 7, 1901)

Emma Goldman, "What I Believe," New York World (July 19, 1908)

(2003).Emma Goldman: a Documentary History of the American Years.Berkeley:University of California Press.

“‘Sovietization' in U.S. Pleases Emma Goldman,” Chicago Daily Tribune (Feb. 3, 1934), p. 14

Ethel Mannin,“Dedicatory letter to Emma Goldman,” in Ethel Mannin, Women and the Revolution (New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1939)