從“群”到“社會”、“社會主義”－中國近代公共領域變遷的思想史研究

From "Community" to "Society" and "Socialism": Transformation of Public Sphere in Modern China from the Perspective of Intellectual History

金觀濤(Guan-Tao Jin) ； 劉青峰(Qing-Feng Liu)

《近代史研究所集刊》 35期 (2001/06) Pp. 1-66

https://doi.org/10.6353/BIMHAS.200106.0001

摘要

本文通過中國近現代史上「群」、「社會」、「社會主義」三個詞的運用、意義演變和更替，來探討二十世紀初期中國公共空間形成和消失的過程。在中國傳統社會，縣以下是紳士鄉村自治，可以稱作民問社會，但並沒有真正的公共空間(public sphere)。在西方衝擊下，十九世紀下半葉，「群」從中國傳統政治辭彙中凸顯出來，用於指涉「社會」，這同當時某些知識份子用今文經學來指導維新變法存在著某種關係。隨著革命壓倒維新，「社會」代替「群」用於指涉society，代表了中國近代史上第一次出現公共空間。新文化運動後期，社會主義思潮興起，公共領域(public realm)壓倒私人領域(private realm)，預示著二十世紀上半葉中國社會的官僚化和國家權力的膨脹。本文力圖將思想史分析和語言學研究結合，用計量方法探討中國近代若干重要政治觀念的形成。

關鍵字

中國近代思想史 ； 群 ； 社會 ； 社會主義 ； 公共空間 ； 公共領域

並列摘要

The essay is aimed at investigating the formation and disappearance of public sphere by studying the evolution in the meaning of the terms ”qun” (community), ”shehui” (society), and ”shehuizhuyi” (socialism) in modern Chinese history. In traditional Chinese society, public sphere failed to come into existence though village autonomy did exist below the county level where the gentry had dominance. In late nineteenth century, under the impact of the west, ”qun” emerged out of various traditional political terms and became a guiding principle of the society. This phenomenon was closely related to the fact that some intellectuals used ”Jinwen Jingxue” (the Modern Text Shool of Confucian classics) as a guideline for the 1898 Reform Movement. As the notion of reform was superseded by that of revolution, ”shehui” took the place of ”qun” and became the equivalent of the western term ”society”. This marked the debut of public sphere in modern Chinese history. And the subsequent rise of socialism could be seen as the subordination of private realm to public realm. This heralded the expansion of state power and the intensification of bureaucratization in Chinese society in early twentieth century. In this essay, we not only make use of the analytical method (s) of intellectual history but also draw on the study of linguistics. By employing quantitative analysis as our research method, we hope that this study can throw a new light on the formation of modern Chinese political concepts.

並列關鍵字

Modern Chinese intellectual history ； community ； society ； socialism ； public sphere

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