海外華人與近代中國：1905年抗美運動研究的新視角

Overseas Chinese and Modern China: New Perspectives on the 1905 Anti-American Movement

黃賢強(Wong Sin Kiong)

《近代史研究所集刊》 44期 (2004/06) Pp. 31-62

https://doi.org/10.6353/BIMHAS.200406.0031

摘要

過去研究1905年抵制美貨運動的中外學者，都偏重論述該運動在中國境內的發展和特點，而忽略海外華人與這個運動的密切關係。本文首先要探討的是，為何海外華人會參與這個最先由上海商人所發起的抵制美貨運動；其次，比較美國華人、英屬新加坡和馬來亞華人，以及澳洲華人抵制美貨或抗美運動的不同動機，不同的參與者身分，以及不同的抵制或抗爭模式；其三，論證抗美運動與反滿革命運動的因果關係。本文一方面證明近代中國的政治社會運動，與海外華人存在著相互影響的關係；另一方面也論證海外地區的抵制活動，與中國境內的抵制運動在很多方面有不同之處。而且，不同地區的海外華人也會因居留地的不同處境和利益，而對抗美運動有不同的表達形式和抗爭力度。本文以海外華人的史料和視角，重新探討1905年的抗美運動，不只對這個社會政治運動提出新的定位，並凸顯出在追求客觀論析涉及海外華人的近代史事時，應多關注海外華人的想法和處境，及使用其史料的重要性。

關鍵字

海外華人 ； 近代中國 ； 抵制美貨 ； 抗爭運動

並列摘要

Chinese, Japanese, and Western scholars who have done research on the 1905 Anti-American movement have primarily focused on the boycott campaigns in China proper. Scholars have neglected the involvement of the Chinese who lived overseas in the movement. This article first discusses why and how the Chinese overseas, especially those in America, British Malaya, and Australia, were involved in the boycott, which was first initiated in Shanghai, China. Second, it compares the different motives, participants, and characteristics of the movements in different Overseas Chinese communities. And third, it examines why the boycott movement was closely related to the anti-Manchu revolutionary movement and the collapse of the Qing dynasty.
This article contends that the socio-political movements in modern China and among Overseas Chinese were closely interrelated. Nevertheless, the development and the characteristics of the boycotts in China differed from those in Overseas Chinese communities. Furthermore, each Overseas Chinese community had its own motive and style in its anti-American campaign, based on self-interest and local socio-political constraints. This article is based extensively on local source materials available in Overseas Chinese communities. Revisiting the 1905 boycott movement through the perspectives of Overseas Chinese raises new questions and issues in regard to the interpretation of the history of modern China in which Overseas Chinese were involved.

並列關鍵字

Overseas Chinese ； modern China ； anti-American boycott ； protest movement

參考文獻

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Chew, Ng Poon(1908).The Treatment of the Exempt Classes of Chinese in the United States: A Statement from the Chinese in America.

Ma, L. Eve Armentrout(1990).Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns: Chinese Politics in the Americas and the 1911 Revolution.

Mckee, Delber L.(1977).Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 1900-1906: Clashes over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era.

Mckee, Delber L.(1986).The Chinese Boycott of 1905-1906 Reconsidered: The Role of Chinese Americans.Pacific Historical Review.55(2),165-191.