中國大陸勞動教養制度的形成與演變，1955－1961

The Formation and Evolution of the Re-education through Labor, 1955-1961

徐鶴濤(Xu Hetao)

《近代史研究所集刊》 102期 (2018/12) Pp. 83-123

摘要

現有研究在述及勞動教養制度形成時，大都只簡要提到它出現於1955年下半年的肅反運動中，在1957年反右期間成為一項正式制度。但這一說法僅是依照少數中共中央文件進行的簡單敘述，沒有回到勞教形成時的政治情境與體制結構中進行考察。事實上，勞教最初並非為肅反量身定制，而是公安部等部門為解決失業與被開除人員流落街頭問題而動議設立的一項制度。隨著公安部長羅瑞卿進入中央肅反十人小組，勞教被借用來處置肅反中清理出的「問題人員」。但由於1956年年中政治氣氛的緩和，勞教在推行上一度擱置。直到1957年，借助反右帶來的緊張氛圍，這項制度終於得到了大規模推廣。大躍進開始後，在「大幹快上」的政治氣氛下，勞教的監督與制約機制趨於失效，民政部門逐漸退出勞教管理，勞動教養的強制性越來越強，和勞動改造的區別日漸模糊。勞教成為公安部門單獨控制下、無需正規審判程序的「二勞改」。我們後來所熟悉的勞教制度的基本體制特徵，即由此成型。在此基礎上，本文對政治運動與領導人意志在制度形成運作中所起的作用，作了延伸分析。

關鍵字

勞動教養 ； 政治運動 ； 公安部門 ； 勞改

並列摘要

Most studies of the formation of the Re-education through Labor system simply mention that it first appeared in 1955 and became a formal system during the 1957 Anti-Rightist period. But this interpretation is based only on a brief overview of a small number of Chinese Communist Party Central Committee documents and does not rest on any real historical study of the political situation and institutional structure. This article shows that Re-education through Labor was not originally designed for the purpose of political purges, but was actually a method to solve the problem of unemployed public staff. Only due to personnel changes did Re-education through Labor become a means to purge ＂internal bad elements.＂ However, because of the moderate political climate in mid-1956, the implementation of re-education was almost shelved. Then in 1957, with the impetus of the Anti-Right movement, this system was finally promoted in a major way. After the beginning of the Great Leap Forward, Re-education through Labor quickly departed from its original design and became a ＂second labor reform＂ without formal trial procedures under the control of the Public Security Department. The basic institutional characteristics of Re-education through Labor that we are familiar with were thus formed. On this basis, this article makes a further analysis of how politics affected the system.

並列關鍵字

Re-education through Labor ； political situation ； institutional structure ； the formation of a system

參考文獻

〈北京市公安局統計資料彙編（1949 年-1959 年）〉，北京市檔案館藏，《建國後檔案》，檔號133-10-506。

(1958)。人民公安。

(1959)。人民公安。

(1960)。人民公安。

(1961)。人民公安。