By examining the practice of Miao customs under the imperial government's direct ruleduring the Qing dynasty, this article examines how this rule was implemented in the newly opened western Hunan Miao frontier. It also reviews the existing explanations of social transformation since the Ming dynasty, which emerged from changes determined by external factors such as state institutions, immigration, and material resources. This article shows that the frontier Miao customs were an organic component of the local cultural mechanism and social order. The establishment of direct governance over the Miao frontier experienced vigorous interaction between the state-promoted cultural system and the existing Miao customs. Having incorporated the political legacies of previous dynasties, Miao customs played a crucial part in shaping flexible and pluralistic direct rule in the Miao frontier region. Overall, they produced conditions that saw infrastructural development, civil and military duties, a legal system, household registration, and taxation. They also directly contributed to the outbreak of the Miao uprising in the reigns of the Qinglong and Jiaqing Emperors.