兩宋海上貿易的發展與轉折－從廣州到泉州的考察

The Development and Transition of the Maritime Trade during the Song Dynasty: A Study from Canton to Quanzhou

楊宗霖(Zong-Lin Yang)

《暨南史學》 12期 (2009/07) Pp. 235-290

https://doi.org/10.29890/HJCN.200907.0006

摘要

本文擬探討兩宋時期海上貿易重心的轉移，亦即從廣州到泉州的過程。隨著北宋時全國經濟重心的逐步南移，加上靖康之亂後的朝廷南渡，確立了南方地域的進一步繁榮與發展，整體而言，兩宋時期的海上貿易多數集中於南方港口，尤其是廣州和泉州。廣州在北宋時期的獨盛，得力於朝廷的海貿政策甚鉅，舉凡首設市舶、獎勵蕃商來販、設蕃坊等，讓原本僻居南海一隅的廣州，成爲海商雲集、舶貨聚積的海上門戶。至哲宗時泉州設市舶後，泉州駸駸然有凌駕廣州之勢，而泉州得以在南宋時期加速發展，其原因不外是閩人的航海傳統、朝廷播遷臨安，和兼攝東北亞及南洋航線等因素，迄宋末元初蒲壽庚主泉州市舶三十年，更使泉州的海上事業得以延續，直至明代始趨衰退。綜觀南宋的泉州何以能超越北宋的廣州，有其主客觀因素及其內外在背景，廣州如何益趨邊緣化？而泉州如何藉勢而起？此皆爲本文所欲探索的重點。

關鍵字

廣州 ； 泉州 ； 市舶司 ； 海上貿易

並列摘要

This essay focuses on the transfer of maritime trade during the Song Dynasty, that is, a main harbor switched from Canton to Quanzhou. As the economic core area of the Northern Song Dynasty gradually moved south, and later the Southern Song Dynasty revived after the Jingkang chaos, the south regions further prospered and developed. On the whole, the majority of seaborne commerce concentrated in the southern ports, especially in Canton and Quanzhou. Canton, the most important harbor in the Northern Song Dynasty, benefited from the policies including establishing the first Shih-po ssu (Maritime Trade Commission), rewarding the foreign traders, and setting up foreigners' community. All of these made Canton, once a remote harbor, become a gateway to the sea. But after Quanzhou established Shih-po ssu in 1087, it eventually replaced Canton as the leading harbor in China. The main reasons causing a fast development of Quanzhou were the maritime tradition in Fujian, the move of the capital to Lin-an, and the routes both toward Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. Besides, Pu Shougeng had handled Shih-po ssu of Quanzhou in the late Song and early Yuan for thirty years. He continued pushing the foreign communication and maritime trade. In the following years, Quanzhou never began to decline till the Ming Dynasty.The transition from Canton to Quanzhou comprised many complex factors and specific background. Why Canton became marginalized, and how the rise of Quanzhou were also the subjects of this research.

並列關鍵字

Canton ； Quanzhou ； Shih-po ssu ； seaborne commerce

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