清末北洋新軍軍事文化（1903-1911）

清廷在編練新式陸軍之初，頗欲有一番作為，徹底形塑一套嶄新且富含朝氣的軍事文化，將舊日習氣一掃而空。軍方高層為此積極建構，在各種文字素材中極力宣揚理想中的軍事文化。但事實上，軍事文化的整個形塑過程，深受「人」的因素影響，主事的軍官若信服軍方高層建構的這套新文化，有意力圖振興，那麼便可能在各方面朝軍方的理想前進，在部隊中引起一股積極向上的奮發之氣。相反地，若主事者不以此新文化規範為然，仍然沿用過往軍中舊習慣，那麼部隊將仍為過往的積習所籠罩，進而與官方理想產生落差。部隊的文化樣貌之所以會「因人而異」、受「人」的影響如此之大，主要是因為部隊的駐紮制度，致使主事軍官有較高的自主性。習氣之所以無法透過官方的推廣而盡除，原因是軍隊與社會的連動性，以及軍事文化的傳承性，使得來自基層社會或舊軍的官兵在加入新軍的同時，也一併將基層社會的文化帶入了軍中。這些對於今日工商業社會而言，相對敷衍的行事態度與低落的做事效率，事實上是當時基層社會的固有舊慣與文化，這些文化上的負面因子，對新軍的軍事效能產生負面影響。即便如此，新軍中仍有一批銳意革新、深具「朝氣」的成員，儘管這些成員之間國家認同分歧，但他們都對國家的未來有所期待，期望透過努力使軍隊變得更好，進而改變國家的處境。由是觀之，近代中國軍隊並不能以「無兵的文化」概括之。清末新軍亦非全是舊風氣充斥、虛有其表的「紙老虎」，仍有積極的一面，存在新軍中奮發有為的青年官兵們以及他們在軍中的努力，便是最佳證據。

關鍵字

清末；新軍；北洋陸軍；軍事文化；軍事效能

並列摘要

While Late Qing government first established "New Army," (or the officially-called "Luchun") the Qing military authority did manage to build up a new military culture as well. In order to realize this plan,Qing military authority tried hard to advocate their ideal culture standard, making it wide spread among their troops. However, the actual effectiveness depended heavily on the attitude of the cadets. If a cadet deeply believed on this new set of moral standard, then the whole troop under his command would boost toward a new phase of vigor. Conversely, the troop would still casted by the shadow of incorrigible old military customs. The reason that old military customs couldn't be swept out by the official culture standard once and for all was because the "conjunction" between army and society. Soldiers came from traditional society thus the social customs automatically flew into the army. Besides, due to the "inheritance" of military culture, conventional military cultures passed down from one generation to another, especially a number of the New Army cadets came from old army. Consequently, negative customs such as corruption did transmit into New Army as well. To some extent, these negative factors did erode the military effectiveness of the New Army. Nevertheless, there were still a group of reformists within New Army. Although they owned different national identity, these people devoted themselves to reform the New Army, in order to strengthen China. The existence of these young officers and soldiers proved that New Army could not be simply concluded as "paper tiger" nor was modern China "a culture of no arms."