Vertical root fracture (VRF) occurring in oblique or longitudinal direction is one of the most complicated problem for general practitioner to do successful treatment. VRF usually result in extraction. It is difficult for the prevention of VRF due to its controversial etiology. The possible predisposing and iatrogenic etiologic factors of VRF are (1) the alteration of biomechanical property in root canal treated tooth; (2) the presence of the post in widening canal; (3) Cracks in the dentin created during lateral or vertical compaction of root filling material; (4) Loss of healthy/normal tooth structure as a result of caries, trauma, or canal enlargement; (5) other reason in non-endodontical1y treated teeth. The keynote of this review is introducing etiology of VRF to practitioners and reminding the possible risk during root canal therapy and post fabrication.