論傳統中國地圖學的特徵

Distinctive Features of Traditional Chinese Cartography

姜道章(Tao-Chang Chiang)

《私立中國文化大學地理研究報告》 10期 (1997/05) Pp. 1-16

https://doi.org/10.7110/RGS.199705.0001

摘要

傳統中國地圖學是中國式的，中國古地圖具有若干特徵，展現中國風格。第一個特徵是（天圓）地方是中國地圖學基礎，也就是把地表視爲平坦的，不是彎曲的曲面，跟古希臘地圖學完全不同，古希臘地圖學是以地球的球形爲基礎的，第三個特徵是計里畫方的應用；第三個特徵是中國古地圖詳於畫水，略於畫山；第四個特徵是在地圖上表示繪圖者的思想概念，許多地圖變了形以表示特別的觀點；第五個特徵是地圖是以使用人定位的，地圓的上方不一定指自北方，中國古地圖是多方向定位的；第六個特徵是行政區劃變遷的繪製是歷史地圖的主流；第七個特徵是地圖的繪製主要是政府的事，不是私人企業，這跟歐洲發達的私人商業化地圖繪製活動是不同的，第八個特徵是地圖上有許多文字注記；第九個特徵是手稿地圖佔極重要的地位；第十個特徵是高山和丘陵用側面形狀表示，而不用等高線、分層設色或暈渲方法來表示。

關鍵字

地圖 ； 中國地圖學 ； 計里畫方 ； 天圓地方 ； 地圖的定位

並列摘要

Traditional Chinese cartography is indigenous to China. Such Chinese maps display a personality of Chineseness with a number of distinctive features. The first feature is the concept of a flat earth which was as much at the basis of traditional Chinese cartography as the spherical earth was at the basis of Greek cartography. The second is the use of the Ji-li hua-fang or square grid system. The third is that, on traditional Chinese maps, rivers and inland water bodies were portrayed in much more detail than landforms and re1ief. The fourth is that ideological points of view were expressed on maps. Many early Chinese maps were distorted so that they could properly depict a particular viewpoint. The fifth is the user-centered map orientation. The top of a map does not necessarily point to the north. Chinese maps are multi-directionally oriented. The sixth is the mapping of national territorial and administrative division changes as the mainstream of historical mapping. The seventh is that mapping activities were predominately governmental affairs rather than private and commercial business affairs as they were in Europe. The eighth is the prevalence of notes on maps. The ninth is the dominance of manuscript maps. Finally, and not the least, the tenth feature is that mountains and hills were portrayed in side view or sty1ized forms like those found in Chinese landscape paintings, rather than by layer-tinting, shading or contours.

並列關鍵字

map ； Chinese cartography ； square grid system ； flat earth ； map orientation