日本國體論－從幕末至明治－

The Kokutai Theory of Japan: From Late Tokugawa Period to Meiji Period

張惟綜(Wei-Tsung Chang)

《育達科大學報》 28期 (2011/09) Pp. 77-97

https://doi.org/10.7074/YDAJB.201109.0079

摘要

現代人談及日本國體即直指為天皇。此答案雖無誤，卻不能稱得上完整。特別在日本戰敗後，日本人認為，國體論是導致日本走向絕對國家主義、軍國主義的重要因素之一。因此，一旦論及「國體」，便以非理性之態度來看待它。然而，如此非理性之批判立場，並不能使吾人得以窺見國體論之真實面目。基於此因，本文特別針對日本幕末至明治初期這段期間的國體論，來解析其理論及變化。首先，吾人先探討後期水戶學的國體思想。從會澤正志齋（1782～1863）的〈新論〉及藤田東湖（1806～1855）的〈弘道館記述義〉中可以看到後期水戶學結合日本歷史、儒學及神道所構築的國體思想。緊接著，藉由闡析吉田松陰（1830～1859）的國體思想來理解水戶學國體思想與松陰國體思想相異處外，更進一步說明松陰之國體思想並非如一般所謂的絕對天皇論。最後，將視角切換至明治的啟蒙思想家加藤弘之（1836～1916）。在這一節，吾人將研究弘之的〈國體新論〉來理解明治初期啟蒙思想家對國體論之新解釋。

關鍵字

國體論 ； 後期水戶學 ； 會澤正志齋 ； 吉田松陰 ； 加藤弘之

並列摘要

When modern people talk about the Kokutai theory, they simply think that it means the Emperor. This answer would not be wrong, but it could not complete the meaning. Especially after the loss of World War II, Japanese think that the Kokutai theory is one of the important factors which led Japan to absolute nationalism and militarism. Therefore, when Kokutai is mentioned, it could not be fairly and rationally dealt with. Nevertheless, this irrational and critical attitude makes it impossible to realize the truth of the Kokutai theory. Due to the reason mentioned above, this article will focus on the Kokutai theory, from late Tokugawa period to early Meiji period, and then analyze the theory and how it changed. At first, the thought of Kokutai of Kouki Mitogaku will be investigated. From Aizawa-Seishisai's(1782-1863) ”Shinlon” and Fujita-touko's(1806-1855) ”Koudoukankizyutsugi”, it appears that the thought of Kokutai was built by combining the history of Japan , Confucianism and Shinto. Secondly, by analyzing Yoshida-Shouin's thought of Kokutai, it intends to seek understandings of the differences on Kokutai between Kouki Mitogaku and Yoshida-Shouin. In addition, it will be explained that Yoshida-Shouin's thought of Kokutai is not the absolutism of the Emperor. Finally, the discussion will end in the thought of Katou-Hiroyuki(1836-1916) who was the thinker of the philosophy of the Enlightement in early Meiji Period. In this section, the study of Katou-Hiroyuki's ”Kokutaishinron” helps explain his new construction of the Kokutai theory.

並列關鍵字

Kokutai Theory ； Kouki Mitogaku ； Aizawa-Seishisai ； Yoshida-Shouin ； Katou-Hiroyuki

參考文獻

佐藤弘夫，《神國日本》（東京：筑摩書房，2006）。

山縣太華，〈講孟劄記評語〉，收入山口縣教育會編《吉田松陰全集》（東京：大和書房，1973），第3卷，頁498。

藤田幽谷，〈正名論〉，收入今井宇三郎‧瀨谷義彥‧尾藤正英校注，《水戶學》，《日本思想大系》第53冊（東京：岩波書局，1973），370。

會澤正志齋，〈及門遺範〉，收入高木成助校訂，《正名論‧及門遺範‧弘道館記述義（上）》，《日本學叢書》第8卷（日本：雄山閣，1938），43。

會澤正志齋，〈讀直毘靈〉，收入高須次芳郎編，《會澤正志集》，《水戶學全集》第2編（日本：日東書院，1933），394∼395。