美國創新戰略推動下科技政策與重要法案之觀察

Observing Science & Technology Policy and Important Legislation of Strategy for American Innovation

林冠宇

《科技法律透析》 28卷2期 (2016/02) Pp. 53-72

摘要

為振興美國經濟，在美國創新戰略之規劃下，揭示出其未來科技政策的發展方向，並推動實質的創新創業政策，使研發成果走出實驗室，落實商業化應用轉化為具體經濟成果。同時，美國國會亦不斷推動各項立法，包含歷年科技政策相關法案之再授權與配套法案之研擬，如2007年以來美國競爭力法相關系列法案的延續，使根基於美國政府研發補助機制核心之國家科學基金會在繼續支持美國聯邦實驗室及各大專院校的技術研發基礎上，明確整合各聯邦行政機關之施政措施。觀察美國歐巴馬總統自上任後針對科研政策的整體規劃，大抵透過政策及法案經由「組織內部資源配置」、「資源整合與運用」，確保美國創新戰略得以有足夠的資源持續推動各項政策外；更嘗試建立一個完整的創新網絡，使資源得以藉由網絡滲入公私部門研發體系的運作樞紐中，最終透過創業精神之提倡，將私部門的創新力與想像力轉化為實質的經濟成果，構成良好的創新循環進而維持經濟的持續成長。美國科技政策之整體規劃與配套措施，各政策與法案間的連結與脈絡實值得我國進一步瞭解，作為精進整體規劃之參酌。

關鍵字

美國創新戰略 ； 美國競爭力再授權法 ； 強化基礎科學教育法 ； 研發租稅減免

並列摘要

After Strategy for American Innovation first issued in 2009, the Administration is unveiling an updated version in 2015 to provide an overview of Administration efforts to ensure America continues to lead as the world's most innovative economy, to develop the industries of the future, and to harness innovation to help address America's most important challenges. By the way, the legislation of Congress for the Strategy keeps on going, example of America COMPETES Reauthorization Act and STEM Education Act. Those legislations concern about 2016's R&D budget and try to integrate government R&D resources and policy tool (e.g. R&D tax relief) to makes the case for the key innovation investments to advance the important emerging technologies it identifies and forge the public sector and private sector into the R&D system. In sum, the science & technology policy and important legislation of Strategy for American Innovation focus on innovation capability of private sector because of America' entrepreneurs has long produced a cascade of important innovations. Thus government plays essential roles through public investments that businesses rely on but do not themselves create. Educational investments and workforce training provide the essential building block - a capable workforce - from which new ideas come and through which good ideas spread. Infrastructure investments, including physical and information infrastructure, connect the markets, creating attractive scale for innovation and allowing best practices to diffuse. To that end, the Administration take appropriate public action by supporting an environment in which innovation is rewarded and best practices are diffused, investing in a technically capable workforce, supporting basic scientific discoveries, and promoting the development of the technology platforms.

並列關鍵字

Strategy for American Innovation ； America COMPETES Reauthorization Act ； STEM Education Act ； R&D Tax Relief

參考文獻

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-115, 123 Stat. 115 (2009)

FACT SHEET: The White House Releases New Strategy for American Innovation, Announces Areas of Opportunity from Self-Driving Cars to Smart Cities, White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/21/fact-sheet-white- house-releases-new-strategy-american-innovation (last visited Nov. 10, 2015)

America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-69, 121 Stat. 572 (2007)

America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Reauthorization Act of 2010, Pub. L. No.111-358, 124 Stat. 4012 (2010)

Frontier in Innovation Research, Science, and Technology Act of 2013, H.R. 4186, 113rd Cong.(2013)