印度宗教社群主義之反思：以穆斯林和印度教徒之間的關係為例

Reflections on Communal Conflict between the Muslims and the Hindus in India

黃柏棋(Pochi Huang)

《臺灣宗教研究》 2卷2期 (2003/06) Pp. 87-106

摘要

這篇文章以宗教社群主義（communalism）為探討主題，討論在印度次大陸所發生的穆斯林與印度教徒之間的對立與衝突之社會、歷史脈絡與思想背景。先是蒙兀爾王朝開啟了印度教徒與穆斯林面對面的接觸，不過這種接觸卻是兩個宗教傳統彼此之間不愉快的開始。蒙兀爾王朝相當有限度的宗教開放，在基本上並沒有帶來印度教徒與穆斯林之間真正的容忍與宗教對話。也因為如此，兩個宗教雖然共生於印度次大陸，但卻是一種彼此相忍求和的局面。這種局面到了英國殖民印度次大陸的時候慢慢有了重大的改變。英國人分而治之的策略使得印度教徒與穆斯林之間產生了認同上面的區隔，而兩個宗教傳統之間的宿怨乃逐漸擴張開來。印度教與伊斯蘭在十九世紀之後都發生了新的宗教復興運動，這種宗教復興運動不但促成了雙方面對於自己傳統新的解釋，最後更導出了政治運動的興起。「印度獨立」變成了在印度次大陸居住者的共同目標。不過，這個目標最後卻引發了民族主義與宗教社群主義之間的競逐。結果在穆斯林對宗教社群的政治認同下，導致了一九四七年的印巴分立，以及在印巴分立前後所發生的大規模宗教社群之間的相互屠殺之悲劇。數十萬無辜的平民乃喪命於由宗教社群主義所主導出的血腥殺戮戰場之中。

關鍵字

宗教社群主義 ； 蒙兀爾王朝 ； 民族主義 ； 印巴分立 ； 紀納 ； 尼赫魯

並列摘要

This paper deals with the problems of communalism in modem Indian Subcontinent. Using the example of Hindu and Muslim conflict, the issue of communalism is explored within social-historical context. Indian Muslim was introduced to the Indian Subcontinent with political, societal and cultural overtone. Political domination with religious causes makes it difficult to have genuine inter-religious discourse between Islam and Hinduism. Therefore, during the eras of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, there was no wide-ranging dialogue between these two traditions. The political oppression and religious aggression of the Islamic kingdom only antagonized Hindu and Muslim communities in the Indian Subcontinent. The rise of modem nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century in Europe and its subsequent dissemination to other continents brought a new point of departure in British India. In terms of its goal of seeking independence, Indian nationalism in the beginning was more of a political realization than religious consciousness. Yet, in the process of political struggle against British colonialism, Muslims, facing Hindu majority, felt more and more alienated from common Indian course. In the end, communal passion dominated and Pakistan as an ＂imagined nation＂ was carved out. This was the ultimate triumph of the communalism on the Subcontinent. The terror of partition loomed ahead.

並列關鍵字

Communalism ； Mughal Empire ； Nationalism ； Partition ； Jinnah ； Nehru