戰後國民政府與儒教團體之互動

The Interaction between the Chinese Nationalist regime and the Confucian groups in the post-war Taiwan

李世偉(Shyh-Wei Li)

《臺灣宗教研究》 11卷2期 (2012/12) Pp. 71-105

摘要

曾有日本學者指出：傳統中國為祭政合一的國家，且儒教居於國教的地位，相當明確地掌握住中國政教關係及「儒教」之特質。然而進入民國以後，「祭政合一」的體制並未全然消解，國民政府保留「祭孔」禮制至今，使其傳統官方「儒教」的特色具有一定的延續性。戰後以來，國民政府在臺灣依然存續著，同時伴隨著相關尊孔崇儒之文化政策，如「中華文化復興運動」、制定中學教科書「中華文化基本教材」等，藉以強化「儒教」的獨尊價值，廣泛地影響戰後幾個世代。整體來說，國府所主導的儒教政策與活動是失敗的，根本的原因是：本質上為一場「政治運動」，而非「文化運動」。就時代背景而言，國民政府的振興儒教、復興中華文化云云，是面對中共在大陸發動批孔、文革等運動所展開，目的為了證明國民政府的文化正當性，用另一種說法，就是一場與中共爭取中華文化代表的「話語權」之爭，這使得民眾對儒教並無真實的信仰，對孔子學說亦非真正地信服。然而，「官方儒教」的失敗並不代表臺灣儒教勢力的衰頹，主要是臺灣自明鄭以來儒教即已發展，日本殖民時期，基於保存漢文化，民間的儒教結社與活動更形擴展成熟，以致戰後仍然持續發揮重要影響。因此可以說，國民政府所代表的「官方儒教」與臺灣民間社會所代表的「民間儒教」，兩者是分享著一套共同的文化價值，雙方的互動也因而形成。

關鍵字

儒教 ； 民間儒教 ； 國民政府 ； 祭孔

並列摘要

One Japanese scholar pointed out: the statecraft of traditional China is a mixture of the political and the ritual, and Confucianism occupied the position of state religion. This view precisely grasps the relation between the religious and the imperial in China and its ＂Confucianism＂ nature. However, the ritual and political unity still persisted into the Republican period, and the Nationalist government retained the worship of Confucius institution so far, which basically continued the nature of the traditional ＂official Confucianism＂. The policy was kept by the Chinese Nationalist government after moving its seat to Taiwan in 1949. In addition, new policy was added such as the Chinese Cultural Renaissance Movement and the institutionalization of the ＂basic textbook of Chinese culture＂ in the secondary education in order to strengthen the value of Confucianism dominance, which widely affects several postwar generations. Overall, the Confucianism policies and activities installed by the Nationalist government is a failure due to the fact of the so-called culture policy as a political rather than a cultural movement. The reason of the revitalization of Confucianism and the revival of Chinese culture led by the Nationalist government is a response to the Cultural Revolution and Criticism of Confucianism etc. launched by the PRC in order to prove the cultural legitimacy of the Nationalist government. In order words, it is a fight for the representative of the Chinese culture, which makes people neither having faith in Confucianism nor convinced the doctrine of Confucius. Nevertheless, the failure of the ＂official＂ Confucianism does not mean the recession of the Confucianism in Taiwan, which has been developed since the Koxinga's regime. During the Japanese colonial period, the need of preserving the Han culture among the local population led to the development of the civil Confucianism association and associated activities, which still plays an important role after the war. Therefore, we conclude that since the official Confucianism promoted by the Nationalist government and the civil Confucianism out of the civil society in Taiwan share a common cultural value , the interaction between the two sides is feasible.

並列關鍵字

Confucianism ； Civil Confucianism ； Chinese Nationalist Government or Kuomingtang regime ； Worship of Confucius