國際學界佛教僧伽教育研究之回顧（上）：議題與方法

Review of International Scholarship on Buddhist Monastic Education, Part I: Issues & Methodology

劉宇光(Lawrence Y.K. Lau)

《臺灣宗教研究》 16卷2期 (2017/12) Pp. 1-38

摘要

本文是對國際學界佛教僧伽教育研究現況回顧的上篇，集中循議題與方法兩點作出說明。1990年代以來，華、洋學界對「佛教僧伽教育」之議題的研究皆持續增長。本文將對戰後，尤其過去約四十年以來學界有關梵、藏、巴利及東亞等佛教傳統的僧伽教育的研究現況，根據議題和方法兩個大框架組織現有學術文獻作出回顧。來作出五點說明：一，說明作為一個學術議題之「佛教僧伽教育」，其概念、問題及定義。第二到第四節採取跨傳統議題取向的視野，以三個層次來討論僧團教育研究的共通議題。二，僧團教育制度的內部組織。三，從教育社會學（或人類學）和政－教關係兩個角度，來探討佛教社會的僧團教育與政權和社會之間的關係。四，傳統佛教社會的僧團教育系統在近世殖民擴張過程中受到現代文明衝擊後的變化，涉及僧團教育在殖民統治vs反殖民的佛教民族主義，乃至政－教分離世俗化vs佛教原教旨主義的反撲等多層時代張力下的回應。五，結論部分扼要對比華、洋學界的僧伽教育研究，在視野、立場、焦點、題材、問題意識、方法、案例，乃至現有特質上的差異，並試圖指出華文學界可作改進的地方。

關鍵字

僧伽教育 ； 佛教經院學 ； 教育人類學 ； 現代佛教的政－教關係

並列摘要

This is part one of a review of the current state of international scholarship on Buddhist monastic education, which focuses on an account of issues and methodology. Since the 1990's, studies from both Chinese and international scholars on the subject of Buddhist monastic education have continued to increase. In this article, the author, basing the discussion on the substantial framing principles of issues and methodology, conducts a review of the existing scholarly literature from the postwar period, especially that of the past forty years, to address the state of research on Buddhist monastic education in the Buddhist traditions of India, Tibet, Bali, and other East Asian countries. The article elaborates five points. First, it delineates the academic subject of Buddhist monastic education, its conceptions, problems, and definitions. In the second through the fourth sections, it adopts a perspective oriented towards questions that cut across traditions and, in addressing these three levels, discusses common issues in Buddhist monastic education. Second, it examines the internal organization of monastic education systems. Third, it explores the relationship between monastic education in Buddhist society and state power and society from two perspectives, the sociology (or anthropology) of education and politico-religious relations. Fourth, it details the transformations that monastic education systems in traditional Buddhist societies underwent after the impacts of modern civilization brought by the process colonial expansion in modern times; this involves exploring questions of the multi-generational response to tensions that have arisen out of monastic education under colonial regimes and anti-colonial Buddhist nationalism, as well as the secularization of government and the counteroffensive of Buddhist fundamentalism. Fifth, in the concluding section, it contrasts the differences between Chinese and international scholarship on Buddhist monastic education regarding their scope, positions, focal points, themes, awareness of issues, methodologies, precedents, and any existent peculiarities in an attempt to indicate the places where Chinese language scholarship can improve our understanding of the subject.

並列關鍵字

Buddhist monastic education ； Buddhist scholasticism ； anthropology of education ； contemporary Buddhist relationships with government

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