跨文化經驗與學習已經成為世界的趨勢，相關的研究也越來越受到重視，本研究就是希望探討跨文化經驗及其反思可能呈現的學習結果。因此，本研究以臺灣英文協同教學計畫（ETA）之美國傅爾布萊特獲獎者為對象，探討他們（一）在臺灣的跨文化經驗之可能實現的學習結果，以及（ 二）跨文化經驗之體驗與轉化的學習歷程。絕大部分的獲獎者為年輕的大學畢業生，他們在臺灣五個縣市的公立國小與當地英文老師（LETs）進行11個月的協同教學，並且在計劃任務需求下長期進行跨文化合作及與來自多元領域的群體進行跨文化互動。
獲獎者（N = 199）填寫美國國務院委託執行各種美國傅爾布萊特學生計畫的機構－國際教育協會（IIE）之期末相關經驗和學習結果之問卷，以了解獲獎者從ETA計畫獲得實踐學習之成效，包括獲獎者在自評分數及開放性題目中的敘寫，顯示出跨文化經驗脈絡下學習結果範圍及相關學習歷程特徵，以及自身不同方面的改變。
本研究根據文獻探討的結果選擇有關跨文化經驗與學習之相關概念和理論，包括「體驗式學習」和「轉化學習」，分析並討論研究結果。此外，在整個研究中以各種形式散佈了敘事自我探究的發現，通過與文化差異相關的轉化性和體驗式學習提供了自我啟示的見解和證據。

研究發現獲獎者在自評分數上所獲得的學習成果包括：（一）生涯方向的改變及專業的領導技能、跨文化溝通和合作，文化知識，與語言能力和學習興趣之增進；與（二）個人在全球與社會議題之興趣、多元角度與觀點取替、適應能力、彈性力、模糊狀態的包容力、自信等等各方面的增進。
另外，本研究也分析開放性題目的資料，發現幾個可能影響以上學習結果的議題，包括：（一）自我意識之反思的重要性；（二）學習來自反覆的歷程（藉由經驗、反思、詮釋、以及在新脈絡的應用）；（三）容忍模糊認知增進後，視「情緒失調」為跨文化學習機會的指標； 與（四）體會個人的經驗和環境因素之間的互相影響。敘事性探究發現提供了轉化性和體驗性學習過程的證明，這些過程通過批判性的自我檢查來顯示自我知識和世界知識的演變。本研究最後提出討論、研究限制、結論和含義用於實踐和未來研究。

Motivated by a desire to further understand the range of possible learning processes and outcomes associated with participation in and reflection on cross-cultural experiences (CCE) in a global context of increased intercultural interaction and diverse research interests regarding such interaction, this study explores cross-cultural learning amongst US participants in the Fulbright Taiwan English Teaching Assistantship (ETA) Program. In most cases, grantees, primarily recent US university graduates, spend 11-months in Taiwan co-teaching in local elementary schools with local English teachers (LETs), during which time they engage in regular cross-cultural collaboration and interaction within various local community contexts.
To explore: (a) what learning outcomes may occur from these experiences, (b) how prevalent are these outcomes, and (c) how this learning might occur, this study analyzes quantitative and qualitative ETA survey data and relevant researcher experiences and knowledge. Adopting the researcher, a 2007 ETA grantee involved with the program in various capacities since that time, as focus of study, insights and analysis from life experiences involving experiential and transformative learning in cross-cultural contexts. A literature review of research in cross-cultural competencies, considered here both possible outcomes and facilitators of cross-cultural learning, relevant learning processes, including theories of experiential and transformative learning provide a framework for inquiry and analysis.
Grantee (N = 199 during 2014, 2015, and 2016 grant periods) responses to selected survey items, including scale-response and open-ended items, regarding nature of the experience and perceived learning outcomes and sources. The survey was administered at the end of their grant period by the local Fulbright administration (Foundation for Scholarly Exchange, Fulbright Taiwan) (FSE) on behalf of the Institute for Interactional Education (IIE), the US State Department commissioned organization in charge of Fulbright’s US Student Programs. Average self-report measures of change, growth, or learning in a variety of areas related to experiences in cross-cultural contexts are reported as evidence of the range and prevalence of possible learning outcomes. These responses are supplemented by analysis of open-ended responses with anecdotes from grantees about their experiences and comments and examples based on my own experiences as a grantee from 2007-2008 and subsequent engagement with the program and participants as a staff member at FSE (2008-2009), orientation speaker (2008-2018), and regular attendee of various FSE functions. Further, narrative self-inquiry findings are interspersed throughout the study in various forms offering insights and evidence of self-revelation through transformative and experiential learning while engaging with cultural difference.
Results indicate consistently high average ratings of self-perceived growth in terms of: (a) professional development, including changes in career orientation as well as accumulation of useful professional skills, specifically, leadership, intercultural communication and collaboration, cultural knowledge, and language proficiency and learning interest; and (b) personal changes, such as increased global and social interest, capacity to take multiple perspectives, adaptability, flexibility, and tolerance for ambiguity, and self-confidence. Further, consideration of open-ended responses for these growth areas as well as general thematic observations demonstrate the potential relevance of the following aspects to learning in various scenarios: (a) reflexive self-awareness and reflection; (b) iterative movements between experience, reflection and interpretation, and application in new experience contexts; (c) emotional dissonance as indicator of learning opportunity; and (d) the interrelational nature of learning in and from experience. Narrative inquiry findings offer demonstrations of transformative and experiential learning processes that show evolutions in self-knowledge and world knowledge through critical self-examination. These results are elaborated on in a discussion, which proceeds with a treatment of limitations of the present study, concluding remarks on the present findings, and implications for theory and practice, including suggestions for practice and future research.

ABSTRACT ii
摘要 v
DEDICATION vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF TABLES xvi
CHAPTER 1
I. CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCE AND LEARNING: FULBRIGHT ENGLISH TEACHING ASSISTANTS IN TAIWAN 1
Background and Motivation 1
Transformation and Growth with Cross-Cultural Learning 1
Study Overview: Cross-Cultural Learning as an ETA 4
Study Context 9
Fulbright Program 9
Origins of Fulbright. 9
Academic diplomacy and mutual understanding. 11
Fulbright English Teaching Assistantship (ETA) Program. 17
Foundation for Scholarly Exchange (Fulbright Taiwan) 18
Origins and overview. 18
FSE ETA program overview. 21
FSE ETA Program context. 24
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 26
Defining, Crossing, and Engaging with Culture 26
Defining Culture 26
Defining and Developing Cross-Cultural Competencies 28
Brief Genealogy of Cross-Cultural Competency as Subject of Study 32
Observing Learning in Cross-Cultural Contexts 36
Cultural Competencies 36
Rasmussen and Sieck’s (2015) culture general model. 37
Deardorff’s (2006) pyramidal process model. 37
Bennett’s (1986) developmental model. 38
Cultural Intelligence. 38
Experiential Learning Process 40
Transformative Learning Theory 41
Rich Points of Emotional Dissonance 43
Implications for Present Study 44
Framing Processes of Cross-Cultural Learning (How) 44
Self-awareness and reflexivity. 45
Interrelational realities. 46
Everything is process. 46
Indications of Cross-Cultural Learning (What) 48
Skill growth and professional development. 48
Leadership skills. 48
Intercultural collaboration (communication and interaction). 49
Career orientation. 50
Cultural knowledge. 50
Language learning. 51
Personal changes relevant to intercultural interaction. 52
Self-confidence. 52
Global and social interest. 52
Perspective-taking. 52
Adaptability, openness to novelty, and tolerance for ambiguity. 54
III. METHOD 56
Study Overview 56
Research Questions 56
Cross-Cultural Experience in the ETA Program Context 57
Data Collection 58
ETA Grantee Surveys 58
Sample and source. 58
Scale-response items. 61
Skill growth and professional development. 62
Leadership and intercultural collaboration skills (communication and interaction). 62
Career orientation and professional development. 62
Cultural knowledge. 63
Language learning gains and interest. 63
Personal changes relevant to cross-cultural experience. 64
Open-ended prompts. 65
Program challenges. 66
Cultural adjustment. 66
Mutual understanding. 66
Community involvement. 67
Impact on personal and professional development. 67
LET-ETA collaboration. 67
Researcher as Research Focus 68
Placing the researcher. 68
I’m hearing, on and off. 69
For the fall there is a cost: A fantasy-horror sitcom. 70
Hear not, forgo listen. Just. Wait. (we are the all embrace). 74
Study abroad and self-efficacy. 76
Community teaches: International education at home. 78
Participant observation. 82
Narrative inquiry. 84
Additional data sources. 88
Informal interviews. 88
Primary and secondary documents. 89
Analysis and Interpretation 89
Descriptive Statistics 89
Open-Ended Responses and Researcher Experiences 90
Theory-Informed Discussion and Elaboration 91
Narrative Inquiry 93
IV. FINDINGS 95
Descriptive Statistics 95
Skill Growth and Professional Development 98
Leadership and intercultural collaboration skills (communication and interaction). 98
Career orientation and professional development. 98
Cultural knowledge. 99
Language learning: gains and interest. 99
Personal Changes 101
Open-Ended Responses and Researcher Experiences 102
Skill Growth and Professional Development 102
Leadership skills. 102
Intercultural communication. 105
Intercultural interaction (collaboration). 112
Career orientation (interests and focus) and professional development (skills). 116
Career orientation (interests and focus). 116
Professional development (skills). 122
Cultural knowledge. 125
Education system. 126
Religious and spiritual lifes. 129
Local politics and identities. 130
Language learning. 133
Personal Changes 136
Multiple perspectives, curiosity, and openness to diversity. 137
Global perspective and social interest. 140
Global perspective. 140
Social interest. 142
Inequality and resource distribution. 143
Educational access, policy, and practice. 144
Labor and rights issues. 147
Public health and healthcare. 148
Adaptability, tolerance for ambiguity, and openness to new experiences. 150
Self-confidence. 154
Narrative Inquiry: Past Living in Present Learning 156
Vignette and Lessons Learned (2014) 156
Transforming Learning: Glancing Back as Creative Act (2020) 159
Epilogue: The beginning. 159
End: A pause. 162
Themes Borne of Thinking with Theory 163
Mirrored, We: Reflexivity, Self-Awareness, and Transformation as an ETA 163
Experiential Learning as an ETA 169
Emotional Dissonance: Conflict as Learning Catalyst 172
Relationships: The Interrelational Nature of Cross-Cultural Learning 174
LET-ETA relationship. 176
ETA-student relationships. 178
ETA-local community connections. 180
Discussion 183
Study Overview 183
Question 1: What outcomes? 183
Question 2: How pervasive and pronounced? 184
Career orientation and professional development. 184
Personal changes. 187
Most prevalent changes. 188
Question 3: How does learning occur? 189
Limitations 192
Conclusion 194
Implications 197
Considerations for Practice 198
Emphasizing the space of negotiation between universals and particulars at the site of the embodied, interrelational experience of the social individual. 199
Intentional framing of experiential learning processes. 200
Promoting bridge thinking from ETA experiences to career. 204
Celebrating diversity while fostering shared vision. 205
Invitations for Future Research 206
Cross-cultural learning. 206
Study context and context as study: The ETA Program. 216
Cross-cultural co-teaching. 218
REFERENCES 220
APPENDIX 231
A. Table 3: Items with “Not Applicable” Responses Retained 231
B. A Footnote in Three Parts or How Much Difference Does It Take to Make Us Whole? 232
C. Path Openings for Leisure Hikers, Cave Seekers, Round Readers 238
splish splash 238
glub glub 240
Too Big to See at All 241

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