中小企業是許多經濟體的支柱，在菲律賓的情形下更是如此，因為其有99.52％的企業屬於該類別。但儘管菲律賓中小企業為幾近所有公司的類型，且雇用了大部分的勞動力，對於其國內生產毛額的貢獻僅為35.7％，與附近地區相比表現最差。因此，學者們試圖解釋這個議題，其中許多研究強調經濟和基於企業的角度來解釋。然而，由於這些研究途徑忽略了中小企業運作背後之政治脈絡，而有所限制。為了突破這個限制，本項研究採用修正的國家-企業關係理論作為分析架構，而結合以利益為基礎與制度論此兩種研究途徑來分析菲律賓中小企業部門。本研究以文獻回顧和關鍵人物訪談作為資料搜集之來源，質性地討論國家和中小企業之間的組織關係以及兩者關係的本質。本研究的資料來源為文獻回顧以及對關鍵報導人的訪談為主，以質性研究的方式分析菲律賓政府和中小企業組織以及兩者間的關係。本研究對國家與中小企業關係的分析顯示，在政府方面，國家的新自由主義取向使負責發展中小企業的機構受到阻礙；而在中小企業方面，在組織上十分雜亂無章，也因此限制了其對國家無效政策制衡的潛力。在這樣的情況下，可信度與透明度等弊端將深深困擾著兩者間的互動，亦對中小型企業政策的制訂與實施造成負面影響。為瞭解上述情況的起因，已有研究針對國家發展過程中導致不平等產業結構的關鍵時期與事件、中小型企業間無組織的傾向、以及政府新自由主義的方針進行歷史性的分析。大致而言，與市場基本主義之立場相佐，該研究指出政治在發展與經濟中至關重要。有鑑於此，若欲使小企業成為經濟中重要的生產力，學者、政策制訂者、及中小型企業自身應支持對中小企業進行政治賦權之議程。

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of many economies. This is especially true in the Philippines’ case, where 99.52% of businesses fall under the category. Yet despite accounting for nearly all firms and employing the majority of the labor force, Philippine SMEs contribute a mere 35.7% to the GDP, performing among the worst in the region. As such, scholars have tried to illuminate this conundrum, with much of the studies underscoring economic and firm-based explanations. Such approaches, however, are limited as they overlook the broader political context in which SMEs operate in. To fill this lacuna, this work has combined interest-based and institutional approaches by using a modified theory of state-business relations as a framework in analyzing the Philippine SME sector. With literature review and key informant interviews as its data-gathering instruments, this thesis qualitatively examined the organization of the Philippine state and the SMEs and the nature of the relationship between the two. The findings of this study’s contemporary analysis of state-SMEs relations indicate that, on the government side, the state’s neoliberal orientation has hindered the agencies tasked to develop the SMEs from becoming effective development partners, whereas on the SMEs’ side, the sector is largely unorganized, limiting its potential to serve as a check-and-balance on the government’s ineffective policy implementation. Under these circumstances, the nature of interaction between the two has been beset by issues regarding credibility and transparency, perversely impacting the way SME policies are formulated and implemented. To understand the situation that led to this point, a historical analysis was conducted, particularly by investigating the critical junctures and events that contributed to the formation of the country’s lopsided industrial structure, the unorganized nature of SMEs, and the state’s neoliberal orientation. By and large, this work has demonstrated that, contrary to market fundamentalism, politics matters in development and the economy. It is in this light that the agenda of political empowerment of SMEs is recommended to be taken by scholars, policy-makers, and the SMEs themselves if we are to flip the table that hinders the tiny firms from becoming potent, productive forces in the economy.

Table of Contents VIII
List of Figures X
List of Tables X
List of Abbreviations XI

Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background 1
Introduction 1
SMEs: The ‘Crippled’ Backbone of the Philippine Economy 2
Statement of the Research Problem and Questions 3
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitations of the Study 5
Thesis Organization 5

Chapter 2: Overview of the Philippine SME Sector 7
Definition of SMEs in the Philippines 7
Profile of the Sector 8
Policies and Programs on SME Sector Development in the Philippines 10
Agencies Supporting SMEs in the Philippines 13
Performance of the Philippine SME Sector 15

Chapter 3: Various Explanations to the Philippine SME Sector’s Weak Performance: A Review of Literature 18
The Dominant Perspective: The Technical-Economic School in Small Enterprise Sector Development 19
Access to Finance 19
Access to Expanded Markets and Value Chains 21
Business Environment Reform 22
Firm-based Explanation to the Performance of Philippines SMEs 23
Orientation and Characteristic of the Owners 23
Financial Decision-making Style and Literacy of Owners 24
Firm-specific Traits and Characteristics 24
The Political Economy Perspective to SME Sector Development 25
Idea-based Explanations 27
Institutional Explanations 27
Interest-focused Explanations 28
Theory of State-Business Relations (SBRs) 29
Collective Action and Organization of the SME Sector 30
Gaps in the Literature 32

Chapter 4: The Theory of State-Business Relations 33
Rationale for the Selection of the Theory 34
Components of State-Business Relations 34
Private Sector’s Organization 34
Nature and Capacity of the State (Public Sector’s Organization) 35
Nature of the Interaction between the State and the Businesses 36
Impact of Historical and Political Developments to SBRs 37
Taiwan: A Case of a Successful State-SMEs Relations 37
Summary of the Chapter 40

Chapter 5: Research Design 41
Ontological and Epistemological Underpinnings of the Study 41
Methodology 41
Data Collection Methods 42
Methods of Data Analysis 45
Summary of the Current Study’s Research Design 45

Chapter 6: Historical Roots of Philippine SBR and the LE-dominated Industrial Structure 46
The Philippines: An Overview 46
Land, Entrepreneurship, and the State: A Brief of History of the Philippines 48
Pre-colonial Philippines 49
Spanish Colonial Period: The Roots of the Oligarchy and Captured State 50
American Colonial Period: Buttressing the Foundation of Elite Capture of the State 52
Post-independence Period: A Continuation of the Past 54
Marcos’ Martial Law: A Regime of Overt Crony Capitalism and Missed Opportunities 57
Contemporary Period: The Return of the Oligarchy and the Continuing Neoliberalization of the Political Economy 60
Discussion and Synthesis 65
Summary of the Chapter 73

Chapter 7: State-SMEs Relations in the Philippines 74
The Organization of the Philippine State and DTI: Nature, Capacity, and Ideology 74
The Nature of the Philippine State: Weak and Oligarchic 75
The Department of Trade and Industry: An Island of State Strength 76
The Other Side of the Island: DTI as a ‘Crippled’ Agency 77
The (Dis)organization of Philippine SMEs 79
Overview of the Philippine Business Sector 80
The Absence of an SME-wide Organization in the Country 83
Probing the Absence of SME-wide Business Organization in the Philippines 85
PCCI and PCE as Shackled Advocates for SMEs 87
The Nature of Interaction between the SMEs and the State in the Philippines 91
The Nature of Contemporary SBR in the Philippines 91
The MSMED Council 93
Issues and Challenges: Lack of Credibility and Transparency in State-SMEs’ Interactions 93
Summary of the Chapter 96

Chapter 8: Conclusion 98
Recommendations 100
Theoretical Implications 100
Limitations of the Current Study and Areas for Further Research 101
Addendum: The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Crucial Turning Point for SME Collective Action? 103

References 104
Appendices 125

Abe, M. (2009). SMEs in Asia and the Pacific. In United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (Ed.), Globalization of Production and the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Prospects (pp. 1–31). United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).

Abinales, P. N., & Amoroso, D. J. (2017). State and Society in the Philippines (2nd ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Cacique Democracy. Why Nations Fail Blog. http://whynationsfail.com/blog/2012/12/26/cacique-democracy.html

Aceytuno, M. T., Sánchez-López, C., & de Paz-Báñez, M. A. (2020). Rising inequality and entrepreneurship during economic downturn: An analysis of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship in Spain. Sustainability, 12(4540). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114540

Aitchison, B. (2014). Small Business Collective Action and Its Effects on Administrative Modernization in Putin’s Russia: From “Grabbing Hand” to “Helping Hand”? London School of Economics and Political Science.

Aldaba, R. M. (2008). SMEs in the Philippine Manufacturing Industry and Globalization: Meeting the Development Challenges. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/126740/1/pidsdps0815.pdf

Aldaba, R. M. (2011). SMEs Access to Finance: Philippines. In C. Harvie, S. Oum, & D. Narjoko (Eds.), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Access to Finance in Selected East Asian Economies.

Aldaba, R. M. (2013). Twenty Years after Philippine Trade Liberalization and Industrialization: What Has Happened and Where Do We Go from Here. https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1321.pdf

Aldaba, R. M. (2014). Understanding the Relationship Between Globalization and Survival of Philippine SMEs. In Globalization and Performance of Small and Large Firms (pp. VII-1-VII–35). ERIA.

Aldaba, R. M. (2017). Philippine SME Participation in ASEAN and East Asian Regional Economic Integration. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies (JSEAE), 34(1), 39–76.

Aldaba, R. M., & Aldaba, F. T. (2014). Toward Competitive and Innovative ASEAN SMEs: Philippine SME Policy Index 2012.

Altenburg, T., & Drachenfels, C. von. (2006). The ‘New Minimalist Approach’ to Private Sector Development: A Critical Assessment. Development Policy Review, 24(4), 387–411.

Ameda, S. V., & Baysic-Pobre, I. S. (2013). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Philippines: What We Know and What We Don’t Know. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316569

Amsden, A. H. (1992). Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford University Press.

Anderson, B. (1988). Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams. New Left Review, 169(May/June), 3–31. https://newleftreview.org/issues/I169/articles/benedict-anderson-cacique-democracy-and-the-philippines-origins-and-dreams

Anderson, E. A. (1976). The Encomienda in Early Philippine Colonial History. Journal of Asian Studies, 14(2), 27–32.

Arnold, C. (2019). The Foundation for Economies Worldwide Is Small Business. International Federation of Accountants. https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/contributing-global-economy/discussion/foundation-economies-worldwide-small

Arudchelvan, M., & Wignaraja, G. (2015). SME internationalization through global value chains and free trade agreements: Malaysian evidence (No. 515; ADBI Working Paper Series).

Arugay, A. A., & Slater, D. (2019). Polarization Without Poles: Machiavellian Conflicts and the Philippines’ Lost Decade of Democracy, 2000–2010. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218810385

Asian Development Bank. (2009). Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27529/poverty-philippines-causes-constraints-opportunities.pdf

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Integrating SMEs into Global Value Chains: Challenges and Policy Actions in Asia. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/175295/smes-global-value-chains.pdf

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. (2020). Philippine Stock Market Capitalization. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_pub/Table 43.pdf

Batalla, E. V. (2000). De-institutionalizing Corruption in the Philippines Identifying Strategic Requirements for Reinventing Institutions. Institutionalizing Strategies to Combat Corruption: Lessons from East Asia Conference Sponsored by the KAS and the DLSU-YCEA Makati, Philippines.

Batalla, E. V. (2010). Entrepreneurship and Philippine Development. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 31(3–4), 341–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2010.3673724

Batalla, E. V. (2018). Bypassing Industrial Development. In M. R. Thompson & E. V. Batalla (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines (pp. 211–224). Routledge.

Bautista, M. E., & Manzano, G. (2018). Duration of Export Relationships of Philippine MSMEs. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1812.pdf

Beck, T., & Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2006). Small and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30(11), 2931–2943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.009

Bell, S. (2008). Rethinking the role of the state: Explaining business collective action at the business council of Australia. Polity, 40(4), 464–487. https://doi.org/10.1057/pol.2008.21

Bello, W. (2005a). Agrarian Reform: The Promise and Reality. In W. Bello, M. de Guzman, M. Lou Malig, & H. Docena (Eds.), The Anti-Development State: The Political Economy of Permanent Crisis in the Philippines (pp. 33–91). Zed Books.

Bello, W. (2005b). Requiem for the EDSA System? In W. Bello, M. de Guzman, M. Lou Malig, & H. Docena (Eds.), The Anti-Development State: The Political Economy of Permanent Crisis in the Philippines (pp. 1–7). Zed Books.

Bello, W. (2009). Neoliberalism as Hegemonic Ideology in the Philippines: Rise, Apogee, and Crisis. Philippine Sociological Review, 57(2009), 9–19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23898341

Bello, W., & Gershman, J. (1990). Democratization and Stabilization in the Philippines. Critical Sociology, 17(Spring), 35–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102

Berg, A., Ostry, J. D., Tsangarides, C. G., & Yakhshilikov, Y. (2018). Redistribution, inequality, and growth: new evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 23, 259–305. 0.1007/s10887-017-9150-2

Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1998). The Economics of Small Business Finance : The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle. Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 22(6–8), 613–673. https://doi.org/10.17016/feds.1998.15

Berisha, G., & Pula, J. S. (2015). Defining Small and Medium Enterprises: a critical review. Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences, 1(1), 17–28. http://iipccl.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ajbals-17-28.pdf

Biddle, J., & Milor, V. (1997). Economic Governance in Turkey: Bureaucratic Capacity, Policy Networks, and Business Associations. In S. Maxfield & B. R. Schneider (Eds.), Business and the State in Developing Countries (1st ed., pp. 277–309). Cornell University Press.

Billig, M. S. (2003). Barons, Brokers, and Buyers: The Institutions and Cultures of Philippine Sugar. University of Hawaii Press.

Borazon, E. Q., & Supangco, V. T. (2018). Effect of Supply Chain Integration on the Business Performance and Competitiveness of the Philippine Small and Medium Enterprises (No. 2018–13; Discussion Paper Series).

Brillo, B. B. C. (2012). A Theoretical Review on Philippine Policy Making: The Weak State-Elitist Framework and the Pluralist Perspective. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 39(1), 54–76. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645264

Broad, R. (1990). Unequal Alliance: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Philippines (First). University of California Press.

Brody, R. A., & Sniderman, P. M. (1977). From Life Space to Polling Place: The Relevance of Personal Concerns for Voting Behavior. British Journal of Political Science, 7(3), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400001022

Bureau of MSME Development. (2010). Guide to R. A. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises (BMBEs) Act of 2002. Department of Trade and Industry.

Burgess, S. (2003). A Definition for Small Business? Victoria University.

Calì, M., & Sen, K. (2011). Do Effective State Business Relations Matter for Economic Growth? Evidence from Indian States. World Development, 39(9), 1542–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.004

Campos, O. V. (2019, August 18). Small foreign retailers rampant in PH, says PRA. Manila Standard. https://manilastandard.net/business/economy-trade/302698/small-foreign-retailers-rampant-in-ph-says-pra.html

Canare, T., Francisco, J. P., & Price, N. A. (2017). An Empirical Analysis of SME and Large Business Linkages: Evidence from the Philippines. In Rizalino S. Navarro Policy Center for Competitiveness Working Paper (No. 007; 17). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3079455

Carney, R. W. (2016). Varieties of Hierarchical Capitalism: Family and State Market Economies in East Asia. The Pacific Review, 29(2), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2015.1020963

Casaclang, R. G. (2018). Basel III Implementation and MSME Lending: A Tight Balancing Act. CIRSS Commentaries, V(9). https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/8537/Vol-V-No-9-Basel-III-Implementation-and-MSME-Lending-A-Tight-Balancing-Act-Casaclang.pdf?sequence=1

Cecile Fruman. (2016). Keynote Speech by Cecile Fruman: Increasing Philippine SMEs’ Participation in Global Value Chains. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2016/09/09/keynote-speech-by-cecile-fruman-increasing-philippine-smes-participation-in-global-value-chains

Chen, H., & Suen, W. (2015). Aspiring for Change: A Theory of Middle Class Activism. Economic Journal, 127(603), 1318–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12346

Chingaipe, H. G. (2013). Particularistic concertation: State-business relations and state formation in colonial Malawi. In K. Sen (Ed.), State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India (pp. 123–144). Routledge.

Chittithaworn, C., Islam, A., Keawchana, T., & Yusuf, D. H. M. (2011). Factors affecting business success of small & medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand. Asian Social Science, 7(5), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n5p180

Clark, C., & Clark, E. A. (2016). Challenging Neoliberalism. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Clark, C., & Tan, A. C. (2010). Taiwans Enter the 21st Century: A Rude Awakening to the Costs of Success. In W.-C. Lee (Ed.), Taiwan’s Politics in the 21st Century (pp. 103–129). Salem.

Clark, C., & Tan, A. C. (2011). Taiwan’s Political Economy: Meeting Challenges, Pursuing Progress. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Cnossen, C. (1997). Secondary Research: Learning Paper 7. jura2.eee.rgu.ac.uk/dsk5/research/mater ial/resmeth

Constantino, R. (2010). A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War. Monthly Review Press.

Corpuz, O. D. (1997). An Economic History of the Philippines. University of the Philippines Press.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Daño-Luna, M., Canare, T., & Francisco, J. P. (2018). Drivers of Philippine SME Competitiveness: Results of the 2018 SME Survey. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3299885

de Dios, E., & Hutchcroft, P. D. (2003). Political Economy. In A. M. Balisacan & H. Hill (Eds.), The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges (pp. 45–73). Oxford University Press.

de Kok, J., Deijl, C., & Veldhuis-Van Essen, C. (2013). Is Small Still Beautiful? Literature Review of Recent Empirical Evidence on the Contribution of SMEs to Employment Creation.

de la Torre-Orong, A. (2019, October 31). CCCI transparency survey: DTI ranked as most transparent agency. The Freeman. https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-business/2019/10/31/1964862/ccci-transparency-survey-dti-ranked-most-transparent-agency

Department of Science and Technology. (n.d.). Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP). Department of Science and Technology Region. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://region9.dost.gov.ph/products-and-services/technology-transfer-and-commercialization/small-enterprise-technology-upgrading-program

Department of Trade and Industry. (n.d.-a). About the Department of Trade and Industry. Department of Trade and Industry. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.dti.gov.ph/about/

Department of Trade and Industry. (n.d.-b). History of the Department of Trade and Industry. Department of Trade and Industry. https://www.dti.gov.ph/about/history/

Department of Trade and Industry. (2018). 2018 MSME Statistics. https://www.dti.gov.ph/business/msmes/msme-resources/msme-statistics

Department of Trade and Industry. (2019). Around 30,000 new businesses registered from Jan to May 2019 Total registered businesses now 1.42M. Department of Trade and Industry. https://bit.ly/3vwFnzE

Doner, R. F. (1991a). Approaches To The Politics Of Economic Growth In Southeast Asia. The Journal of Asian Studies, 50(4), 818–849. https://doi.org/10.2307/2058543

Doner, R. F. (1991b). Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia (First). University of California Press.

Doner, R. F., & Schneider, B. R. (2000). Business Associations and Economic Development: Why Some Associations Contribute More Than Others. Business and Politics. https://doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1011

Donor Committee for Enterprise Development. (2018). Current Debates on Small Enterprise Development. https://www.enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/DCED_SE_SynthesisNote.pdf

Doronila, A. (1992). The State, Economic Transformation, and Political Change in the Philippines, 1946–1972. Oxford University Press.

Encarnacion-Tadem, T. S. (2019). Philippine Politics and the Marcos Technocrats: The Emergence and Evolution of a Power Elite (First). Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Evangelista, R. P. G. (2014). Entrepreneurship in the Philippines: Opportunities and challenges for inclusive growth. https://www.cipe.org/legacy/publication-docs/CIPE_Report_Creating_the_Environment_for_Entrepreneurial_Success_1113.pdf#page=44

Evans, P. B. (1992). The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Structural Change. In S. Haggard & R. Kaufman (Eds.), The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts and the State (pp. 139–181). Princeton University Press.

Evans, P. B. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (1st ed.). Princeton University Press.

Federation of Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry. (n.d.). History 歷史. Federation of Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry. https://www.ffcccii.org/about-us-商总简介/history歷史/

Fernández, F. A. F. (2017). Following Different Approaches: Taiwanese Investment in Mexico and Unbalanced Taiwan-Mexico Trade Relations. National Chengchi University.

Fields, K. J. (1995). Enterprise and the State in Korea and Taiwan (1st ed.). Cornell University Press.

Flaminiano, J. P., & Francisco, J. P. (2019). Firm Characteristics and Credit Constraints across SMEs in the Philippines. In AIM RSN PCC Working Paper (Issues 2019–006). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3498019

Forbes. (2020). Tycoons On 2020 Forbes Philippines Rich List See Fall In Wealth Due To Pandemic Disruption. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2020/09/16/tycoons-on-2020-forbes-philippines-rich-list-see-fall-in-wealth-due-to-pandemic-disruption/?sh=6b88cff1c72e

Francisco, J. P., & Canare, T. A. (2019). The Challenges to SME Market Access in the Philippines and the Role of Business Associations. https://apfcanada-msme.ca/research/challenges-sme-market-access-philippines-and-role-business-associations

Francisco, J. P., Canare, T. A., & Labios, J. R. D. (2018a). Barriers to internationalization of Philippine SMEs (No. 2018–11; Policy Notes).

Francisco, J. P., Canare, T., & Labios, J. R. (2018b). Obstacles and Enablers of Internationalization of Philippine SMEs Through Participation in Global Value Chains.

Gerson, P. (1998). Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines (W/98/20; IMF Working Paper). https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9820.pdf

Gibson, T., & van der Vaart, H. J. (2008). Defining SMEs: A Less Imperfect Way of Defining Small and Medium Enterprises in Developing Countries (Global Economy and Development). https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/09_development_gibson.pdf

Gonzales, M. L. (2018). Size of the Informal Economy in the Philippines. https://www.ilo.org/manila/eventsandmeetings/WCMS_634914/lang--en/index.htm

Guliman, S. D. O., & Uy, A. O. O. (2019). The Curious Case of Filipino Micro Entrepreneurs’ Financial Sophistication and the Triple Bottom Line. DLSU Business & Economics Review, 28(3), 1–10.

Gumasing, R. L. (2013). Promoting MSME Development Through Streamlining of BPLS of the Municipality of San Jose de Buenavista, Philippines. World Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 25–35.

Habito, C. F. (2014, September 2). Pitching in for inclusive growth. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/78077/pitching-in-for-inclusive-growth

Habito, C. F. (2016, March 29). Wanted: ‘MSME czar.’ Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/94044/wanted-msme-czar

Haggard, S., Maxfield, S., & Schneider, B. R. (1997). Theories of business and business-state relations. In S. Maxfield & B. R. Schneider (Eds.), Business and the State in Developing Countries. Cornell University Press.

Hall, B. (2003). Modernization and the Social Construction of National Identity: The Case of Taiwanese Identity. Berkeley Journal of Sociology: A Critical Review, 47(Nationalisms: Negotiating Communities, Boundaries, and Identities 2003), 135–139. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035585

Hall, C. (2002). Profile of SMEs and SME Issues in East Asia. In Charles Harvie & B.-C. Lee (Eds.), The Role of SMEs in National Economies in East Asia (pp. 21–49). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Hall, P. A. (1997). The Role of Interests, Institutions, and Ideas in the Comparative Political Economy of the Industrialized Nations. In M. Lichbach & A. Zuckerman (Eds.), Comparative Politics. Rationality, Culture, and Structure (pp. 174–207). Cambridge University Press.

Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (2001). Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press.

Hampel-Milagrosa, A., Loewe, M., & Reeg, C. (2014). Which Factors Determine the Upgrading of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)? Evidence from Egypt, India, and the Philippines. In Working Paper Series (No. 866; Working Paper Series). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2283056

Harvie, Charles, & Lee, B.-C. (2002). East Asian SMEs: Contemporary Issues and Developments - An Overview. In Charles Harvie & B.-C. Lee (Eds.), The Role of SMEs in National Economies in East Asia (pp. 1–20). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Harvie, Charles, Narjoko, D., & Oum, S. (2013). Small and Medium Enterprises’ Access to Finance: Evidence from Selected Asian Economies. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, 1–54.

Heo, U., & Tan, A. C. (2003). Political choices and economic outcomes: A perspective on the differential impact of the financial crisis on South Korea and Taiwan. Comparative Political Studies, 36(6), 679–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003254192

Herpacio, C. A. L., & Hidalgo, H. H. (2018). Impact Assessment of State Assistance Program to Agri-based Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Philippines. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, 8(6), 2547–2554.

Herzberg, B., & Wright, A. (2006). The PPD Handbook: A Toolkit for Business Environment Reformers. World Bank Group.

Hill, H. (1986). The Philippine Economy in 1985: The Decline Continues. Southeast Asian Affairs, 239–257. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908554

Hobbs, J. (2017). Promoting Cleaner Production in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. In R. Hillary (Ed.), Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment: Business Imperatives. Routledge.

Hundt, D., & Uttam, J. (2017). Confucian Capitalism: ‘Organised from the Top’ in Korea and ‘Reorganised from the Bottom’ in Taiwan. In D. Hundt & J. Uttam (Eds.), Varieties of Capitalism in Asia: Beyond the Developmental State (pp. 77–115). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-58974-6

Hutchcroft, P. D. (1991). Review: Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State: The Politics of Patrimonial Plunder. World Politics, 43(3), 414–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010401

Hutchcroft, P. D. (1998). Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Hutchcroft, P. D., & Rocamora, J. (2003). “Strong Demands and Weak Institutions: The Origins and Evolution of the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines. Journal of East Asia Studies, 3(2), 259–292.

International Labour Office. (2016). SME Promotion Agencies: Is there a best set-up? http://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_532833.pdf

International Labour Organization. (2019). Small Matters: Global evidence on the contribution to employment by the self-employed, micro-enterprises, and SMEs. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_723282.pdf

International Trade Centre. (2017). MSMEs and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. International Trade Centre. http://www.intracen.org/MSME-Day-2017/SDGs/

International Trade Centre. (2020). Promoting SME competitiveness in the Philippines: Compete, connect and change to build resilience to crises. https://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/Philippines_SME_v6.pdf

Itao, A. F., & Co, M. R. (1979). Entrepreneurship and Small Enterprises Development: The Philippine Experience. https://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions Papers/2004/pidsdps0430.pdf

Jagtap, M. S. (2019). Banking Finance Innovation for MSME Sector in Emerging Asian Economies. Amity Journal of Management, VII(2), 51–64. https://www.amity.edu/gwalior/ajm/pdf/PAPER5.pdf

Jimenez, J. V. D. (2020). Ensuring American control over the Philippine economy through the imposition of the parity rights. DLSU Research Congress 2020. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-congress-proceedings/2020/TPH-09.pdf

Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (1st ed.). Stanford University Press.

Jomo, K. S. (2005). Malaysia’s New Economic Policy and `National Unity’. In Y. Bangura & R. Stavenhagen (Eds.), Racism and Public Policy (pp. 182–214). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554986_8

Kanchoochat, V. (2019). Tigers at Critical Junctures: How South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore Survived Growth-Led Conflicts. In Y. Takagi, V. Kanchoochat, & T. Sonobe (Eds.), Developmental State Building: The Politics of Emerging Economies (pp. 47–68). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2904-3_3

Kang, D. C. (2002). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (First). Cambridge University Press.

Keskin, H., Sentürk, C., Sungur, O., & Kiris, H. M. (2010). The Importance of SMEs in Developing Economies. In M. Handzic, A. Subasi, & A. Goksu (Eds.), 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development (pp. 183–192). International Burch University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/153446896.pdf

Khor, N., Jacildo, R., & Tacneng, R. (2015). Assessing Mandated Credit Programs: Case Study of the Magna Carta in the Philippines (No. 463; ADB Economics Working Paper Series). https://www.adb.org/publications/assessing-mandated-credit-programs-magna-carta-philippines

Khor, N., Sebastian, I., & Aldaba, R. M. (2013). Enterprises in the Philippines: Dynamism and Constraints to Employment Growth (ADB Working Paper Series No. 334).

Kim, P. H. (2010). The East Asian welfare state debate and surrogate social policy: an exploratory study on Japan and South Korea. Socio-Economic Review, 8(3), 411–435. https://academic.oup.com/ser/article-abstract/8/3/411/1693529?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.09.006

Kondoh, H. (2005). Comparative Analysis of Governance: Relationship between Bureaucracy and Policy Co-operation Capacity with Particular Reference to Bangladesh. https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jica/kyakuin/pdf/200509_gov_01.pdf

Kumar, R. (2017). Targeted SME Financing and Employment Effects (No. 3; Jobs Working Paper). http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/577091496733563036/pdf/115696-REVISED-PUBLIC-SMEs-and-Jobs-final.pdf

Kuo, C.-T. (1995). Global Competitiveness and Industrial Growth in Taiwan and the Philippines. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Lamberte, M. B. (2001). Addressing constraints in the provision of financial services to MicSMEs and poor households. Policy Notes, 17. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidspn0117.pdf

Larkin, J. A. (1993). Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society. University of California Press.

Laylo, A. (2018). Macro-level enabling conditions for the formation of social business enterprises in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 5–13. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/APJIE-12-2017-0044/full/html

Leftwich, A. (2009). Analysing the politics of state business relations: A methodological concept note on the historical institutionalist approach. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b3c40f0b64974000a54/IPPGDP23.pdf

Legarda, B. J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.

Legaspi, N. (2011). Filipinos to remain at the mercy of oligarchs. Third World Resurgence No., 3–5.

Lemma, A., & te Velde, D. W. (2017). State–Business Relations as Drivers of Economic Performance. In J. Page & F. Tarp (Eds.), The Practice of Industrial Policy: Government-business Coordination in Africa and East Asia (pp. 63–79). Oxford University Press.

Lim, B. (1999). The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations. https://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions Papers/1999/pascndp9916.pdf

Lim, C. T. N. (2017). Strengthening and Connecting the Dots Called MSMEs in the ASEAN: With Focus on the Philippin. Advances in Economics and Business, 5(12), 699–707.

Lim, J. Y., & Montes, M. F. (2002). Structural Adjustment Program after Structural Adjustment Program, but Why Still No Development in the Philippines? Asian Economic Papers, 1(3), 90–119. https://doi.org/10.1162/153535102320894018

Lindblom, C. E. (1977). Politics And Markets: The World’s Political-economic Systems. Basic Books.

Mahari, R. (2017). Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Future in Economic Development of Philippines. Journal of Administrative Management, Education and Training (JAMET), 13(3), 131–142.

Mahoney, J. (2000). Path Dependence in Historical Sociology. Theory and Society, 29(4), 507–548. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007113830879

Makati Business Club. (2016). Philippine MSMEs and Entrepreneurship: Pushing Boundaries. https://mbc.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/MSME_forWeb1.pdf

Makati Business Club. (2019). 2019 MBC Executive Outlook Survey: 42 agencies receive positive satisfaction ratings from business halfway through the Duterte Administration. https://mbc.com.ph/2019/07/24/mbc-executive-outlook-survey-june-2019/

Manacsa, R. C., & Tan, A. C. (2012). “Strong Republic” Sidetracked: Oligarchic Dynamics, Democratization, and Economic Development in the Philippines. Special Issue on the Nexus between Democracy and Economy in Asia, 43(1), 47–87.

Manapat, J. R. L. (2020). Some Are Smarter Than Others: The History of Marcos’ Crony Capitalism (Second). Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Marcelo, P. P. C. (2017). Farmers, fishermen are PHL’s poorest. Business World. https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Economy&title=farmers-fishermen-are-phl&8217s-poorest&id=147655

Recognition of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry as the Official Representative of the Private Business Sector in its Relationship with the Government, Pub. L. No. Letter of Instruction No. 780, s. 1978 (1978). http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/12/07/letter-of-instruction-no-780-s-1978/

Martin, C. J., & Swank, D. (2008). The Political Origin of Coordinated Capitalism: Business Organizations, Party Systems, and State Structure in the Age of Innocence. American Political Science Review, 102(2), 181–198.

Maxfield, S., & Schneider, B. R. (1997). Business and the State in Developing Countries. Cornell University Press.

McCoy, A. W. (1993). Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State: A History of the Lopez Family. In A. W. McCoy (Ed.), An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines (First). University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.

McNabb, D. E. (2010). Research Methods for Political Science: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (1st ed.). Routledge.

Mendoza, R. R. (2015). Financial Performance OF Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Philippines. International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 9(4), 67–80.

Migdal, J. S. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (1st ed.). Princeton University Press.

Mikamo, S. (2013). Business associations and politics in the post-EDSA Philippines: neither oligarchy nor civil society. Philippine Political Science Journal, 34(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2013.789165

Miranda, A. T., & Miranda, J. L. F. (2018). Status and conditions of small- and medium-sized enterprises as predictors in empowering rural communities in Samar Island, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2017-0045

Mitchell, S. (2016). Monopoly Power and the Decline of Small Business: The Case for Restoring America’s Once Robust Antitrust Policies. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/08/MonopolyPower-SmallBusiness.pdf

Mojares, R. B. (1993). The Dream Goes On and On: Three Generations of the Osmeñas, 1906-1990. In A. W. McCoy (Ed.), An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines (First, pp. 311–346). University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.

Montes, M. F. (1987). Stabilization and adjustment policies and programmes - Country Study 12: the Philippines (2/1987). https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/stabilization-and-adjustment-policies-and-programmes-country-study-12-philippines

Nangia, R., & Vaillancourt, L. (2007). Small and Medium Enterprise Financing in the Philippines: A Scoping Study – Finding the Gaps in Access to Financing for SMEs.

Neagu, C. (2016). The importance and role of small and medium-sized businesses. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XXIII(3(608)), 331–338. http://store.ectap.ro/articole/1217.pdf

North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
OECD/ERIA. (2018). SME Policy Index: ASEAN 2018: Boosting Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth, Growth Economic and Enterprise Trends in Southeast Asia.

Ofreneo, R. E. (1985). Philippine Industrial Debacle and the Debt Crisis. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 6(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X8562003

Ofreneo, R. E. (2015). Growth and employment in de-industrializing Philippines. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 20(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2014.974335

Olson, M. (1971). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press.

Öniş, Z., & Webb, S. B. (1994). Turkey: Democratization and Adjustment from Above. In S. Haggard & S. B. Webb (Eds.), Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (pp. 128–184). Oxford University Press.

Ortega, A. A. (2016). Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines: Suburbanization, Transnational Migration, and Dispossession. Lexington Books.

Overholt, W. H. (1986). The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos. Asian Survey, 26(11), 1137–1163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644313

Oxford University Press. (n.d.). trapo, n. Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68494213

Panhwar, A. H., Ansari, S., & Shah, A. A. (2017). Post-Positivism: An Effective Paradigm for Social and Educational Research. International Research Journal of Arts and Humanities, 45(45), 253–259.

Park, H. J. (2001). Small Businesses in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Asian Survey, 41(5), 846–864. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.5.846

Park, H. J. (2007). Small Business’ Place in the South Korean State–Society Relations. Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370701511560

Parreño, E. (1998). Pork. In S. Coronel (Ed.), Pork and other perks : corruption & governance in the Philippines. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.

Pernia, E. M., & Salas, J. M. I. S. (2005). Investment Climate and Regional Development in the Philippines (No. 0501; UP School of Economics Discussion Papers). https://ideas.repec.org/p/phs/dpaper/200501.html

Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2017). History Of The Philippine Chamber Of Commerce & Industry. Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry. https://www.philippinechamber.com/about-the-chamber

Magna Carta for Small Enterprises, Pub. L. No. Republic Act No. 6977 (1991). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/01/24/republic-act-no-6977/

Magna Carta for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), (2008). https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2008/ra_9501_2008.html

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2015). 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2013 FLEMMS Final Report.pdf

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2019). Updated Population Projections Based on the Results of 2015 POPCEN. Philippine Statistics Authority. https://psa.gov.ph/content/updated-population-projections-based-results-2015-popcen

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020a). Gross National Income and Gross Domestic Product, by Industry, Percent Share to GDP and GNI. OpenSTAT. https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__2B__NA__AN__1SUM/0082B5CPRA4.px/?rxid=c76cd092-f378-4348-a059-06ee3a64666c

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020b). Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC). Philippine Statistics Authority. https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020c). Updated 2015 and 2018 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics. https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/162559

Quimpo, N. G. (2008). Contested Democracy and the Left in the Philippines after Marcos. Yale University Press.

Raquiza, A. R. (2012). State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economy Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines. Routledge.

Raquiza, A. R. (2014). Changing configuration of Philippine capitalism. Philippine Political Science Journal, 35(2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2014.969799

Raquiza, M. V. R. (2016). Elusive Inclusive Growth: The Manufacturing Resurgence Programme, the Conditional Cash Transfer Scheme, and Neoliberalism in the Philippines. City University of Hong Kong.

Remo, A. R. (2015, October 21). DTI, 11 others named ‘islands of good governance.’ Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://business.inquirer.net/201042/dti-11-others-named-islands-of-good-governance

Rigger, S. (1999). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Democracy. Routledge.

Rigger, S. (2016). Taiwan and the China Impact: Challenges and Opportunities. In G. Schubert (Ed.), Taiwan and the “China Impact”: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 70–90). Routledge.

Rivera, T. (1994). Landlords and Capitalists: Class, Family, and State in Philippine Manufacturing. University of the Philippines Press.

Rodrik, D. (1991). Policy uncertainty and private investment in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 36(2), 229–242.

Rogerson, C. M. (2013). Improving market access opportunities for urban small, medium and micro-enterprises in South Africa. Urbani Izziv, 24(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2013-24-02-005

Rosenstone, S. J. (1982). Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110837

Roth, D. M. (1977). The Friar Estates of the Philippines. University of New Mexico Press.

Roxas, B. (2009). Environmental and Managerial Antecedents of Strategic Posture and Performance of Small Firms: An Empirical Analysis. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1516059

Roxas, B., Lindsay, V., Ashill, N., & Victorio, A. (2007). An Institutional View of Local Entrepreneurial Climate. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, III(1), 1–28. http://www.asiaentrepreneurshipjournal.com/AJESIII1All.pdf

Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E. H., & Stephens, J. D. (1992). Capitalist Development & Democracy. Contemporary Sociology, 72(3), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.2307/2074523

Saito, K. A., & Villanueva, D. (1981). Transaction Costs of Credit to the Small-Scale Sector in the Philippines. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 29(3), 631–640. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1153713

Sarreal, E. R., & Reyes, J. C. (2019). Exploring the Entrepreneurial and Innovation Orientation of Central Luzon Entrepreneurs Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data. DLSU Business & Economics Review, 28(3), 21–33. https://dlsu-ber.com/exploring-the-entrepreneurial-and-innovation-orientation-of-central-luzon-entrepreneurs-using-the-global-entrepreneurship-monitor-data-2/

Sen, K. (2013a). State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India: The Analytical Issues. In K. Sen (Ed.), State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India (pp. 1–15). Routledge.

Sen, K. (2013b). State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India. Routledge.

Sen, K. (2013c). The Analytical Issues. In K. Sen (Ed.), State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India (First, pp. 1–15). Routledge.

Sen, K. (2015). State-business Relations: Topic Guide. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a0898e40f0b652dd0002a4/State-BusinessRels.pdf

Sen, K., & te Velde, D. W. (2009). State-Business Relations and Economic Growth in Sub- Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 54(8), 1267–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902863307

Shafer, M. D. (1994). Winners and Losers: How Sectors Shape the Developmental Prospects pf States. Cornell University Press.

Shalom, S. R. (1980). Philippine Acceptance of the Bell Trade Act of 1946: A Study of Manipulatory Democracy. Pacific Historical Review, 49(3), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.2307/3638567

Sibal, J. V. (2008). The State, Problems and Prospects of Pro-human Development Trade in the Manufacturing and Garment Sector. In M. S. Baylon & M. F. Villamejor-Mendoza (Eds.), 14th Diliman Governance Forum. UP NCPAG.

Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. In P. B. Evans, D. Rueschmeyer, & T. Skocpol (Eds.), Bringing the State Back In (pp. 3–36). Cambridge University Press.

Small Business Corporation. (2019). Mission/Vision. Small Business Corporation. https://www.sbgfc.org.ph/about-us/missionvision

Stein, P., Goland, T., & Schiff, R. (2010). Two trillion and counting: Assessing the credit gap for micro, small, and medium-size enterprises in the developing world. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5631

Studwell, J. (2014). How Asia Works: Success and Failure In the World’s Most Dynamic Region. Grove Press.

Takagi, Y. (2016). Central Banking as State Building: Policymakers and Their Nationalism in the Philippines, 1933-1964. National University of Singapore Press.

Tamangan, R. J., Josef, F., & Habito, C. F. (2004). Small and Medium Enterprise Development Experience and Policy in Japan and the Philippines: Lessons and Policy Implications (PIDS Discussion Paper Series). https://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions Papers/2004/pidsdps0430.pdf

Tambunan, T., & Chandra, A. C. (2014). Utilisation Rate of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) by Local Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Story of ASEAN. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(2), 133–163. http://jibe-net.com/journals/jibe/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/9.pdf

te Velde, D. W. (2006). Measuring State-Business Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c51ed915d3cfd0012ec/IPPGDP4.pdf

te Velde, D. W. (2009). Analysing the Economics of State-Business Relations: A Summary Guide (No. 23B; IPPG Discussion Papers). https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/analysing-the-economics-of-state-business-relations-a-summary-guide

te Velde, D. W. (2013). State-business relations and industrial policy: Current policy and research debates. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5167f6a2e4b0f1cbdee8d1c0/t/520bbceee4b0835de583c34f/1376500974972/DEGRP+Policy+Essays+State-business+relations+and+industrial+policy.pdf

Teehankee, J. C., & Calimbahin, C. A. A. (2019). Mapping the Philippines’ Defective Democracy. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 47(2), 97–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2019.1702801

Thapa, B. E. P. (2012). Ambivalent civil society in democratic consolidation − The case of local chambers of commerce and industry in the Visayas and Northern Mindanao. University of Potsdam. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31437.49122

The Fund For Peace. (2020). Fragile State Index. https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/

The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (n.d.). What does Philippines export? (2018). The Observatory of Economic Complexity.

Thompson, M. R. (1995). The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines. Yale University Press.

Tigno, J. (2006). Electoral and Party Politics in the Postwar Period. In Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction (pp. 53–76). COR ASIA, Inc.

Tigno, J. (2019). The party-list system in the Philippines: Is it better or worse for democracy? The Asia Dialogue.

Tillah, M. (2005). Globalization, Redemocratization and the Philippine Bureaucracy (No. 2005–09; PIDS Discussion Paper). https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0509.pdf

Tuaño, P., Manzano, G., & Villamil, I. (2014). Determinants of export intensity and propensity among small and medium sized enterprises: The case of the Philippines (No. 137; ARTNeT Working Paper Series).

U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tenant, Farmers of Asia, & McCoy, A. W. (1971). Land reform as counter-revolution. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 3(1), 14–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1971.10416237

Usui, N. (2011). Transforming the Philippine Economy: “Walking on Two Legs” (No. 252; ADB Economics Working Paper Series).

Usui, N. (2012). Taking the Right Road to Inclusive Growth. https://www.adb.org/publications/taking-right-road-inclusive-growth-industrial-upgrading-and-diversification-philippines

Vandenberg, P. (2006). Poverty reduction through small enterprises (No. 75; Small Enterprise Development Programme Paper). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_093981.pdf

Ventura, T. M. (2009). American Empire, Agriarian Reform and the Problem of Tropical Nature in the Philippines, 1898-1916. Columbia University.

Wade, R. (1990). Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton University Press.

White, L. T. (2009). Political Blooms: Local Money and Power in Taiwan, East China, Thailand and the Philippines. World Scientific.

White, L. T. (2015). Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy. Routledge.

World Bank. (n.d.-a). Gini index (World Bank estimate) - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ID-MY-PH-TH-VN

World Bank. (n.d.-b). PovcalNet. PovcalNet. http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx

World Bank. (n.d.-c). Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Philippines, Malaysia. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=PH-MY

World Bank. (2019). Poverty & Equity Brief: Philippines. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Archives-2019/Global_POVEQ_PHL.pdf

World Bank. (2020a). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/688761571934946384/pdf/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf

World Bank. (2020b). GDP (current US$). World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true

World Bank. (2020c). Macro Poverty Outlook for East Asia and the Pacific: Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/879251567711913460/mpo-eap.pdf

World Trade Organization. (2016). 2016 World Trade Report: Levelling the Trading Field for SMEs. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/world_trade_report16_e.pdf

Wu, Y. (2004). Rethinking the Taiwanese developmental state. China Quarterly, 177(March), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741004000062

Xinhua News Agency. (2005, September 26). Philippine businessmen pessimistic about economic upturn in near future: survey. Xinhua News Agency. http://en.people.cn/200509/26/eng20050926_210984.html

Yap, J. T. (1990). An Assessment of the External Debt Management in the Philippines, 1986-1988 (No. 90–04; PIDS Working Paper Series). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/237085872.pdf

Yoshihara, K. (1988). The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.

Yoshino, N., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2018). The Role of SMEs in Asia and Their Difficulties in Accessing Finance (No. 911; ADB Working Paper). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/474576/adbi-wp911.pdf