本研究試以實驗研究法，探討臺灣人如何看待旅居臺灣印尼人的華語口音，以及印尼人的外貌如何影響臺灣人對於其華語口音的感知與評價，儘管印尼人為臺灣最大宗的外籍人口，而且印尼也是台灣移工最主要的來源，但與其他外國移民相比，印尼人似乎承受更多負面的刻板印象和偏見。除了受到主流社會的汙名化之外，大多數印尼人也對華語的學習感到挫折，因而較容易產生印尼腔的華語口音。由於先前研究認為口音是歧視和偏見最直接的載體，本研究預設印尼腔的華語口音將進一步加深臺灣人對印尼人的刻板印象與污名化，然而，目前各式文獻中，仍相當欠缺探討臺灣人對非母語華語口音感知與其刻板印象之間關聯性的相關研究。

為驗證此一相關性的研究預設，本研究招募了30名臺灣人參與一項實驗研究，實驗共分為三個部分：實驗一「純音檔」、實驗二「純音檔」以及實驗三「音檔附照片」，每位參與者將根據他們所聽到的四種不同華語口音：「標準臺灣華語口音」，「不流利的韓語腔華語口音」，「流利的印尼腔華語口音」，「不流利的印尼腔華語口音」，並按照六項改編自Mulac（1975）「語音方言態度量表」的評量標準，如：「專業度、經濟能力、教育程度、吸引力、悅耳程度、優雅程度」，對216個各式音檔來進行評價。

本論文主要有三項研究成果，首先，參與者對於新移民華語口音的評價和感知，與其華語水平和發音錯誤程度高度相關，換言之，臺灣人對於非母語口音，確實有一定程度的偏見與負面態度。第二，參與實驗者對於不流利的韓語腔華語口音與不流利的印尼腔華語口音，存在相似的偏見與負面態度，顯示一般臺灣人無法辨識這兩種不同外國腔調的華語口音，換言之，臺灣人對於外國腔華語口音的偏見並非特定，而是普遍性的現象。第三，當實驗中的音檔附上了印尼人的照片時，臺灣受試者對於非母語華語口音的整體評價反而愈趨正向，並不會因為印尼人照片的訊息暗示，而強化其偏見與負面態度，此一研究結果顯示，台灣人對於印尼移工特有的偏見與負面態度，並非主要源自於其特殊的華語口音，華語口音只是主流社會強化其既定刻板印象與負面態度的一種藉口，換言之，非母語華語口音只是既有刻板印象的附屬品，有意無意中強化臺灣受試者本身對於印尼移工既定的刻板印象。此外，本研究結果也顯示，受試的臺灣年輕族群具有較高的文化意識，已逐步展現臺灣社會對於新移民與多元文化的開放性。

The study aims to examine how Taiwanese perceive Indonesian-accented Mandarin and how the perception is correlated with the physical appearance of Indonesians using an experimental approach. Although Indonesians are the largest foreign nationals as well as the prominent source of migrant workers in Taiwan, they seem to suffer more stereotypes and prejudice than other foreign nationals. Aside from some entrenched stigmas, such as poor, unsanitary, and run-away, most Indonesians also struggle with Mandarin language proficiency, making them subject to non-native Mandarin accents. As accented speech is believed to be a carrier of discrimination and prejudice, Indonesian-accented Mandarin is presumed to further enhance the stigmatized perceptions of Indonesians in Taiwan. However, it has been barely studied how non-native speakers’ Mandarin accents relate to their stereotypes projected by the native in the literature.

To fill in the gap, the current study recruited a total of 30 Taiwanese Mandarin speakers as participants and set up three corresponding experiments: experiment 1 (audio-only), experiment 2 (audio-only), and experiment 3 (audio-visual). Each participant was asked to rate 216 audio trials recorded from four different speakers, including Standard Taiwan Mandarin, Korean-accented Mandarin, and two types of Indonesian-accented Mandarin varying in proficiency levels (i.e., high and low), based on the six evaluation criteria: degree of professionalism, economic level, education level, degree of attractiveness, degree of pleasantness, degree of elegance, adapted from the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale by Mulac (1975).

The results suggest three findings as follows. First, Taiwanese participants’ evaluations of non-native Mandarin accents are strongly correlated to the proficiency level of Mandarin speaking along with the degree of mispronunciations. In other words, native speakers’ discrimination against non-native Mandarin accents is proved to be substantial. Second, Taiwanese participants’ perception of low-proficiency Indonesian-accented Mandarin is not significantly different from that of low-proficiency Korean-accented Mandarin, indicating that Taiwanese participants could not discriminate the two different types of Mandarin accents. That is to say, accent-related discrimination is a general occurrence rather than an issue specific to Indonesian speakers in the audio-only context. Third, the additional inputs of Indonesian images in the audio-visual setting actually improve the overall evaluations and do not exacerbate those entrenched stereotypes of Indonesians. Based on these findings above, the thesis proposes that non-native Mandarin accents simply play an auxiliary role in those presupposed stereotypes, such as a carrier to provoke or aggravate prejudice and discrimination against a racial minority. More crucially, the current participants as young Taiwanese cohorts exhibit a high level of cultural awareness, implying a potential success in multiculturalism and openness toward new immigrants in Taiwan.

Acknowledgment i
Abstract iii
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiii
Chapter 1 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan 1
1.2 New Southbound Policy in 2016 2
1.3 Research Purpose & Objectives 4
Chapter 2 6
Literature Review 6
2.1 Immigrants and Stereotypes 6
2.1.1 Attitude towards immigrants 8
2.1.2 Stereotypes of Immigrants in Taiwan 9
2.1.3 Stereotypes of Indonesians in Taiwan 11
2.2 Accents and Stereotypes 12
2.2.1 Perceptions of Non-native English Accents 13
2.2.2 Perceptions of Mandarin Accents 14
2.3 Non-native Mandarin Accents among Indonesian Speakers 16
2.4 Effect of Visual Information on the Perceptions of Accents 19
2.5 Hypotheses 20
Chapter 3 22
Method 22
3.1 Materials 22
3.1.1 Measures for Attitude and Perception 22
3.1.2 Speakers 22
3.1.3 Word List 24
3.1.4 Auditory Stimuli 25
3.1.5 Visual Stimuli 28
3.2 Experiment Design 28
3.2.1 Participants 29
3.2.2 Procedure 30
3.2.2.1 Exercise 30
3.2.2.2 Experiment 1 31
3.2.2.3 Experiment 2 31
3.2.2.4 Experiment 3 32
3.2.3 Predictions 33
Chapter 4 35
Results 35
4.1 Experiment 1 35
4.1.1 Analysis Based on Two Parameters and Four Speakers 35
4.1.2 Analysis Based on Stimulus Types 38
4.2 Experiment 2 41
4.2.1 Analysis Based on Four Parameters and Four Speakers 41
4.2.2 Analysis Based on Stimulus Types 45
4.3 Experiment 3 47
4.3.1 Analysis Based on Two Parameters and Three Speakers 48
4.3.2 Analysis Based on Hijab Wearing 49
4.3.2 Analysis of Additional Visual Information 51
4.4 Demographics 53
4.4.1 Analysis of Participant’s Gender 53
4.4.2 Analysis of Exposure Frequency to Non-native Mandarin Accents 57
4.4.3 Analysis of Exposure Types to Non-native Mandarin Accents 61
4.4.4 Analysis of Exposure Frequency to Indonesians in Taiwan 63
Chapter 5 66
Discussion 66
5.1 Hypothesis 1 on the Effect of Proficiency Level 66
5.2 Hypothesis 2 on the Effect of Various Non-native Mandarin Accents 68
5.3 Hypothesis 3 on the Additional Effect of Visual Information 69
Chapter 6 71
Conclusion 71
6.1 Contributions of Study 72
6.2 Limitations and Future Research 74
References 76
Appendix: Main Study Questionnaire 86

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