This thesis aims to discover how liberal and conservative US newspapers report on video game during times of school shootings from partisan viewpoints in newspapers, specifically the liberal New York Times, Washington Post, and the conservative Chicago Tribune and New York Post, along with the Wall Street Journal to add a neutral viewpoint to offer balance. Understanding how newspapers report on video games through different moral weightings is essential for further understanding the place video games inhabit in both the media and society at large. It needs to be understand whether or not video games were reasons for school shootings and how this discourse has changed from the Columbine Shooting in 1999, to the Sandy Hook shooting in late 2012. Video games are no longer a fringe culture, they are mainstream and further research needs to be conducted to understand how the media disseminates their views on video games to readers who base their perception of video games on frames produced with partisan influence. Through the theoretical framework of Blame Theory's Path Model to Blame, a qualitative content analysis was performed to analyse newspaper articles through thematic coding using template analysis. This thesis contributes to existing literature because this field has not been researched thoroughly and there is a lack of consensus on how the media report on video games in current literature, particularly from a qualitative point of view.

1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 3
2.1 Morality, Blame, Panics, Media, and Video Games 3
2.2 Moral Foundation Theory and Blame Theory 4
2.3 Moral Panics and Video Games 7
2.4 Media Bias: Conservative & Liberal Moral Leanings and Judgements 10
2.5 Media Portrayal of Video Games 13
2.6 Changing Perception of Video Games 15
Research Questions 16
3. Methodology 17
3.1 Qualitative Content Analysis 17
3.2 Theoretical Framework - Blame Theory 18
3.2.1 Blame Theory and the Path Model of Blame 19
3.3 Template Analysis 21
3.3.1 Epistemological Approach of Template Analysis for This Thesis 22
3.3.2 Defining Codes and Themes 22
3.3.3 Priori Codes 23
3.3.4 Processes of Template Analysis 23
3.3.4 Coding Audits 25
3.3.4 Template Audits 27
3.4 Newspapers to be Analyzed 29
3.4.1 Presidential Endorsement Benchmark 30
3.4.2 Choosing a Neutral Newspaper 30
3.5 Organizing The Data for Coding 31
3.6 Data Collection Through ProQuest and Search Terms 31
3.6.1 Search Terms Employed 32
3.7 Comparing Newspapers for Partisan Agreement 34
3.8 Sampling Method 35
3.9 Issues in Data Collection and Refinement 36
3.9.2 Data Collection: Second Phase of refinement 38
4. Findings and Results 39
4.1 Template 40
4.1.1 Columbine Primary Reasons 42
4.1.1 Sandy Hook Primary Reasons 43
4.2 Columbine Template 43
4.2.1 Columbine Video Game Secondary Reporting 45
4.2.1.1 Liberal Video Game Secondary Reporting 45
4.2.1.2 Conservative Video Game Secondary Reporting 47
4.2.1.3 Neutral Video Game and Guns Secondary Reporting 50
4.2.2 Columbine Defending Reasons 51
4.2.2.1 Liberal Defending Reasons of Video Games 52
4.2.2.2 Conservative Defending Reasons of Guns 54
4.2.3 Columbine Other Significant Secondary Reporting - Guns 55
4.2.3.1 Liberal Significant Secondary Reporting- Guns 55
4.2.4 Columbine Minor Reasons 57
4.2.4.2 Conservative Minor Reasons - Greater Society and Local Communities and Guns 57
4.2.4 Comparing Liberal and Conservative Reporting During Columbine 59
4.3 Sandy Hook Template 60
4.3.1 Sandy Hook Video Game Secondary Reporting 61
4.3.1.1 Liberal Defending of Video Games Vs Significant Reason of Guns 62
4.3.1.2 Conservative Reason of Video Games 63
4.3.1.3 Neutral Secondary Reasons Guns and Video Games 65
4.3.2 Sandy Hook Defending Reasons 67
4.3.2.1 Defending Reasons of (CT) Video Games and (NYP) Guns. 67
4.3.3 Sandy Hook Significant Reasons 69
4.3.3.1 Liberal Focus on Guns 69
4.3.3 Sandy Hook Minor Reasons 71
4.3.3.1 Liberal Minor Reasons of Mental Health 71
4.3.4 Comparing Liberal and Conservative Reporting During Sandy Hook 73
4.4 Comparing Columbine and Sandy Hook 74
5. Discussion 75
5.1 Video Games as a Partisan Issue 76
5.2 Changes of Reporting Over Time 77
5.3 Changing Moral Panics 78
5.4 Contributions to MFT and Blame Theory and future research 79
5.5 Concerns of Media Bias 79
5.6 Limitations 81
6. Conclusion 81
7. Bibliography 83
8. Appendix 98
8.1 Coding and Template Audits 99
8.1.1 First Codebook Draft 99
8.1.2 Second Codebook 103
8.1.3 Third and Final Codebook 106
8.2 Template Audits 108
8.2.1 First Template 108
8.2.2 First Audit Outcome 110
8.2.3 Second Audit Outcome 112
8.2.4 Final Audit Outcome 113
8.3 Priori Codes & ProQuest Number of Reports for School Shootings 115

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