本研究論文為分析技術開發及應用之研究，共分為兩部份：第一部份--自動瞬時量測空氣與水中微量揮發性有機物之分析研究。本研究空氣監測部分利用實驗室開發完成的自動化氣相層析質譜儀，建立自動採樣分析之氣相層析質譜系統，進行連續十一天之環境監測，期間納莉颱風侵襲本島，儀器仍持續正常運作。颱風滯留三天裡，量測丙酮濃度低至偵測極限以下；相對極性較低之物種而言，甲苯平均濃度值為3.0 ppbv。得知極性高之物質容易隨著雨水沖刷而流至地面，雨量之多寡將對極性物種與非極性物種之量測有著不同程度影響。
另外，本研究水體監測部份針對經污水處理廠處理後廢水中揮發性有機化合物進行監測系統建立及分析，研究中監測系統發展為完全自動進樣、自動化的分析系統，有效縮短分析時間且運用在現場即時監測，有效取得24小時連續即時的分析結果並節省現場採樣、人力分析與資源的運用。
第二部份--以高壓萃取法萃取斑蟊與芭樂葉中有效成分及生物活性之研究。在斑蝥素的萃取上， CO2搭配乙腈約萃取出9.18 mg/g斑蝥素。液態二氧化碳萃取斑蝥素的與傳統的萃取方法有較明顯的差別，雖說效果並非最佳的萃取方法，但其主要優點是可以減少有機溶劑的使用，縮短萃取時間(液態二氧化碳30min;傳統萃取需65小時)並且幾乎不需要再經由其他純化的步驟就可以得到斑蝥素。
在芭樂葉萃取方法中，以高壓甲醇萃取法有較好的總類黃酮萃取效率，而其中利用加壓萃取不但省時而且省溶劑，所以實驗的萃取方式採用高壓甲醇萃取法。在動物餵食測試推論出quercetin對於芭樂葉降血糖的能力有一定的幫助，但是並非芭樂葉降血糖主要的有效成分，應該還有其他更重要的活性成分導致在動物實驗中明顯的降血糖效果。

The thesis contained two parts. In the first part, automatic in-situ monitoring systems of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient and wastewater were developed.The study describes continual monitoring of the volatile organic air pollutants, acetone and toluene, in HsinChu Science Park (HSP) during an inclement weather occurrence, i.e., typhoon. A total of 53 polar and nonpolar compounds were identified and analyzed. The method detection limit (MDL) was 0.4 ppbv on average. The study presents a novel system, which continuously monitors polar VOCs in industrial wastewater. The system utilizes an ultrasound coupled autosampler, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detection GC/FID for onsite, real-time detection and quantification of VOCs. The MDL was between 3.19ppb and 7.57ppb.

In another part, the study using pressurized liquid carbon dioxide to extract cantharidin from Mylabris was investigated. The result achieves green extraction of bioactive ingredients in the insect, and the extraction efficiency of 95% (three times) was obtained at pressure of 1 MPa, temperature of 60°C, static extraction time of 30 minutes and with 4 ml of acetonitrile as modifier. In addition to the identification of the extract, i.e., cantharidin, by chromatographic approach, an in vitro assay for the effect of the extract on the cell was performed, the result reveals that the cantharidin-extracted is efficacious for primary medicinal available.
The study proposes to verify the hypoglycemic effect of the flavonoids extracted from guava leaves on type 2 diabetic mice. When comparing the total flavonoid contents from various extraction methods, pressurized-methanol extraction had the highest levels (38.4±1.5 mg g-1). The major flavonoids of guava leaves were analyzed with mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatograph, diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). To confirm the hypoglycemic effect, an animal fasting test was conducted. In summary, both primary extracts (dose of 0.5 g Kg-1) and isolated flavonoids (dose of 40 mg Kg-1) from guava leaves had hypoglycemic effects (P<0.001). However, the quercetin flavonoid in guava leaves was only one of the active compounds with hypoglycemic activity, not the most major active compound.

目錄
誌謝
中文摘要
英文摘要
Part I.自動瞬時量測空氣與水中微量揮發性有機物之分析研究
1 緒論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1-1 研究緣起------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1-2 研究目的------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2 文獻回顧---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2-1 空氣中揮發性有機化合物自動化氣相層析質譜分析方法原理與流程----------5
2-1.1空氣中揮發性有機化合物分析方法比較-----------------------------------------------6
2-1.2 氣相層析法分析原理及流程--------------------------------------------------------------6
2-1.2.1 採樣介質-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2-1.2.2 前濃縮部分----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2-1.2.3 氣體色層分析法----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2-1.2.4 偵檢器-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2-1.2.5定性定量-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2-1.3標準品配製------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2-1.4 分析方法之品質管制查核----------------------------------------------------------------14
2-1.4.1 採樣現場品管------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
2-1.4.2 實驗室一般品管---------------------------------------------------------------------------14
2-2 水中揮發性有機化合物前處理技術------------------------------------------------------27
2-2.1固相微萃取(SPME)方法概要--------------------------------------------------------------27
2-2.1.1 固相微萃取原理---------------------------------------------------------------------------28
2-2.1.2 固相微萃取參數探討--------------------------------------------------------------------31
2-2.2 SPME的應用----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
2-2.3 水中VOCs與環境之間的關係-----------------------------------------------------------40
3自動化氣相層析質譜現場即時連續量測新竹科學園區大氣中VOCs -------------49
3-1 連續自動化氣相層析質譜儀系統之分析流程與系統說明-------------------------49
3-1.1 分析流程--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
3-1.1.1 分析系統準備與調整--------------------------------------------------------------------49
3-1.1.2 氣體標準品配製--------------------------------------------------------------------------50
3-1.1.3 樣品分析------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
3-1.1.4 數據處理------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2 系統說明--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2.1 樣品前濃縮捕捉裝置--------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2.2 氣相層析及偵檢系統--------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2.3 管柱部分------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2.4 風速風樣儀---------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
3-1.2.5 網路資訊傳輸系統----------------------------------------------------------------------52
3-1.3 分析系統整體評估------------------------------------------------------------------------52
3-1.3.1 系統最適化條件-------------------------------------------------------------------------52
3-1.3.1.1 樣品前濃縮部分-----------------------------------------------------------------------53
3-1.3.1.2 管柱選擇與偵檢器最適化----------------------------------------------------------53
3-1.3.2系統之品保品管--------------------------------------------------------------------------53
3-2 結果討論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
3-2.1 測點地理環境-------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
3-2.2 GC-MS即時連續量測結果---------------------------------------------------------------68
3-2.2.1 總污染物濃度時間趨勢比較----------------------------------------------------------68
3-2.2.1.1 鹵化有機物之濃度分佈--------------------------------------------------------------69
3-2.2.1.2 極性物種之濃度分析-----------------------------------------------------------------70
3-2.2.1.3芳香族類（BTEX）之濃度分析----------------------------------------------------72
3-2.2.1.4 烷類與烯類之濃度分析--------------------------------------------------------------73
3-3 結論-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
4建立超音波震盪固相微萃取自動化分析系統及水中揮發性有機化合物之現場自動化即時監測----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89
4-1研究方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89
4-1.1 超音波震盪前處理系統建立-------------------------------------------------------------90
4-1.2 超音波震盪-自動化頂空-固相微萃取/氣相層析儀系統--------------------------91
4-1.2.1 分析儀器與設備---------------------------------------------------------------------------91
4-1.2.2 分析之目標化合物性質-----------------------------------------------------------------92
4-1.2.3 實驗標準試劑------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
4-1.2.4 品保品管------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
4-1.2.5 分析樣品應注意事項--------------------------------------------------------------------96
4-1.3 HS-SPME/GC/FID系統最佳化參數探討與測試--------------------------------------96
4-1.4 玻璃器皿管理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------99
4-1.5 真實樣品採樣及規劃---------------------------------------------------------------------100
4-2 結果與討論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------107
4-2.1 超音波震盪-自動化頂空固相微萃取系統------------------------------------------107
4-2.1.1 超音波震盪片安裝及可行性和不同功率測試-----------------------------------107
4-2.1.2 超音波震盪槽與GC/FID的聯接-----------------------------------------------------108
4-2.2 HS-SPME/GC/FID系統最佳化參數探討與測試------------------------------------108
4-2.3 真實樣品量測的結果與討論-----------------------------------------------------------113
4-2.4 自動化連續進樣即時監測---------------------------------------------------------------114
4-3 結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145
4-3.1 結論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145
4-3.2 未來展望-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147
5 總結------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148
6參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------149
Part II.以高壓萃取法萃取斑蟊與芭樂葉中有效成分及生物活性之研究
1 緒論------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
1-1 總研究目的------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
1-1.1研究斑蝥的動機與目的-------------------------------------------------------------------154
1-1.2研究芭樂葉的動機與目的----------------------------------------------------------------155
2 文獻回顧------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------156
2-1 超臨界流體萃取------------------------------------------------------------------------------156
2-1.1 超臨界原理----------------------------------------------------------------------------------156
2-1.2 超臨界流體的特色------------------------------------------------------------------------157
2-1.3 超臨界CO2萃取的優點-------------------------------------------------------------------158
2-1.4 超臨界流體的選用------------------------------------------------------------------------158
2-1.5 超臨界流體應用實例---------------------------------------------------------------------159
2-1.6 修飾劑的使用-------------------------------------------------------------------------------160
2-2 高效能液相層析法--------------------------------------------------------------------------160
3 二氧化碳搭配修試劑萃取斑蝥中的斑蝥素---------------------------------------------162
3-1.1 二氧化碳搭配修試劑萃取法介紹-----------------------------------------------------162
3-1.1.1 靜態萃取-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------162
3-1.2 斑蝥之相關文獻---------------------------------------------------------------------------163
3-2 實驗方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------167
3-2.1 實驗藥品-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------167
3-2.2 實驗儀器-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------167
3-2.3 萃取方法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------169
3-2.3.1 索式萃取法 (Soxhlet extraction)------------------------------------------------------169
3-2.3.2 超音波震盪萃取法 (Sonication vibration extraction)-----------------------------169
3-2.3.3 二氧化碳搭配修飾劑萃取法 (Carbon dioxide extraction with modifier )----169
3-2.2.4 加壓溶劑萃取法(Pressurized solvent extraction)-----------------------------------170
3-3結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------171
3-3.1 分析條件及光譜---------------------------------------------------------------------------171
3-3.2 二氧化碳搭配修飾劑萃取法中修試劑的選用-------------------------------------171
3-3.3 修試劑添加量的選擇---------------------------------------------------------------------172
3-3.4 二氧化碳搭配修飾劑萃取法中萃取壓力的選擇----------------------------------172
3-3.5 二氧化碳搭配修飾劑萃取法中萃取溫度的選擇----------------------------------173
3-3.6 二氧化碳搭配修飾劑萃取法中萃取時間的選擇----------------------------------173
3-3.7 高壓溶劑萃取-------------------------------------------------------------------------------173
3-3.8 不同萃取方法的斑蝥素萃取率比較--------------------------------------------------174
3-3.9 細胞測試部分-------------------------------------------------------------------------------174
3-4 結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183
4 芭樂葉萃取物中黃酮類成分對第二型糖尿病鼠降血醣研究-----------------------184
4-1 導論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------184
4-1.1芭樂葉介紹-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------184
4-1.1.1芭樂葉降血糖之功效--------------------------------------------------------------------184
4-1.1.2 芭樂葉降血糖之有效成分------------------------------------------------------------185
4-1.1.3 芭樂葉降血糖可能機轉---------------------------------------------------------------186
4-1.2 血糖調控的生理機制---------------------------------------------------------------------187
4-1.2.1胰臟之胰島調節血糖的機制----------------------------------------------------------187
4-1.2.2醣類代謝 (carbohydrate metabolism)--------------------------------------------------189
4-1.2.3脂肪代謝------------------------------------------------------------------------------------191
4-1.2.4酮體生成------------------------------------------------------------------------------------191
4-1.3糖尿病介紹-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------192
4-1.3.1糖尿病定義---------------------------------------------------------------------------------192
4-1.3.2糖尿病發病病因--------------------------------------------------------------------------193
4-1.3.3糖尿病臨床表現及診斷-----------------------------------------------------------------194
4-1.3.4糖尿病治療---------------------------------------------------------------------------------194
4-1.4糖尿病動物模式-----------------------------------------------------------------------------195
4-1.4.1誘發型糖尿病動物模式-----------------------------------------------------------------196
4-1.4.2自發型糖尿病動物模式-----------------------------------------------------------------196
4-1.5 研究目的-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------197
4-2 實驗設備與方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------203
4-2.1 化學藥品-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------203
4-2.2 實驗儀器-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------203
4-2.3芭樂葉實驗-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------204
4-2.3.1芭樂葉來源及前處理--------------------------------------------------------------------204
4-2.3.2傳統索式萃取法--------------------------------------------------------------------------205
4-2.3.4 高壓水萃取方法-------------------------------------------------------------------------205
4-2.3.5 高壓甲醇萃取方法----------------------------------------------------------------------205
4-2.3.6 芭樂葉萃取物分析前處理------------------------------------------------------------206
4-2.3.7液相層析質譜儀搭配光二極體陣列式檢測器之分析條件--------------------206
4-2.4芭樂葉萃取物中總類黃酮萃取率之評估---------------------------------------------207
4-2.4.1芭樂葉萃取物總類黃酮含量之測定-------------------------------------------------207
4-2.5動物試驗--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------207
4-2.5.1第二型糖尿病鼠 (homozygote type 2 diabetes , Leprdb/Leprdb)-------------------207
4-2.5.2不同芭樂葉萃取物劑量的餵食測試-------------------------------------------------208
4-2.5.3不同quercetin劑量的餵食測試--------------------------------------------------------208
4-2.6統計分析--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------209
4-3結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212
4-3.1芭樂葉萃取方式之比較-------------------------------------------------------------------212
4-3.2芭樂葉萃取物主要黃酮類定性與定量------------------------------------------------212
4-3.3 不同劑量芭樂葉萃取物對糖尿病鼠(Type 2 DM)的血糖變化------------------213
4-3.4 不同劑量quercetin對糖尿病鼠(Type 2 DM)的血糖變化 ------------------------214
4-4 結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220
5 總結------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------221
6參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------223

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