生化及化學法聯檢之農藥殘留管理研究：北市模式

The Study of Pesticide Residues Control by the Combination of AChE Screening and Chemical Analysis: The Taipei Model

鄭允(Edward Yun Cheng) ； 黃毓斌(Yu-Bing Huang) ； 江明耀(Ming-Yao Chiang) ； 侯怡亘(Yi-Hsuan Hou) ； 粘君綺(Chun-Chi Nien)

《台灣農業研究》 64卷1期 (2015/03) Pp. 53-63

https://doi.org/10.6156/JTAR/2015.06401.06

摘要

台灣農產運銷系統自1985年開始，採用以乙醯膽鹼酯酶檢定毒性之生化方法管制有機磷及氨基甲酸鹽類農藥殘留。至2014年止，已輔導設置逾380處工作站，每年檢測78萬件以上蔬果樣本。其中，以台北市政府建構之聯檢制度最為完善，以酵素抑制率45%為標準，超標蔬果立即停止拍賣並銷毀，同時採樣送交衛生局以化學分析法鑑定殘留農藥之種類及濃度，若違反農藥殘留容許量規定則依食品衛生管理法之規定進行處罰。本研究乃就2009-2012年間該公司以生化法檢出554件陽性樣本之產地資訊及衛生局之化學分析結果進行解析，結果如下：554件超標樣本平均每件含農藥3.31種，平均合計濃度為1.91mgL^(-1)，其中殺蟲劑與殺菌劑之比例為2:1。就有機磷及氨基甲酸鹽類農藥，合計檢出率為95.1%，平均每件樣本檢出1.4種。此指數大於1，因毒理作用相同而有累加問題，僅依據個別藥劑之容許量判定，會低估合計之總毒性。其中，經化學分析確認超過國家容許量標準，而違反食品衛生管理法者計259件，平均每件含4.1種農藥，合計濃度為3.2mgL^(-1)，所含有機磷及氨基甲酸鹽類合計達每件1.8種，平均濃度為1.4mgL^(-1)。檢出殺蟲劑以有機磷最多佔47.5%，依序為合成除蟲菊精佔19.4%、氨基甲酸鹽類佔17.2%、新尼古丁佔15.9%。抗膽鹼酯農藥中檢出頻度之高低，依序為陶斯松（53.3%）、佈飛松（23.8%）、加保扶（19.5%）、納乃得（9.6%）、毆殺滅（5.6%）、毆殺松（5.4%）、達馬松（4.5%）、愛殺松（4.0%）、益滅松（2.2%）及加保利（1.8%）。在500餘處蔬果生產供貨組織中，超標及違規之前10處供貨單位即佔生化法超標總件數之45.9%，以及違規總件數之41.7%，其中6處位於雲林縣，均生產小葉菜類；另外3處位在彰化縣，以生產甘藍芽、茄子及豆類為主；最後1處在嘉義縣，亦為小葉菜類產區。其各種藥劑殘留模式與產地及菜種有相當之關係。迄今國際上蔬果農藥殘留管制仍缺乏產地源頭管理之預警系統，因本研究之四年分年資訊有重現性，若試以此等資料之分析結果發展預警系統，監控高風險產地，將有助於減少蔬果之農藥殘留。

關鍵字

農藥 ； 殘留量 ； 蔬果 ； 乙醯膽鹼酯酶

並列摘要

The pesticide residue problem on fruits and vegetables in the Taipei City wholesale market was investigated by both Acetylcholinesterase inhibition screening and the regulatory chemical residue analysis from 2009 to 2012. A total of 223,135 samples were screened and 554 samples were found with more than 45% inhibition on AChE activity (the enzyme inhibition positive; EIP), i.e., an indication of presences of neurotoxic pesticide residue, including organophosphate and/or carbamate. In chemical analysis through GC/MS, HPLC, and TLC, 95.1% of the EIP-samples were confirmed with the causing pesticide identities. In average, each EIP-sample contained 3.30 pesticides with an insecticide to fungicide ratio of 2 : 1, and a combined pesticide titer of 1.91 mg L^(-1). Among the EIP-samples, 259 (46.9%) samples violated the tolerance regulation (TV) with average of 4.11 pesticides and combined titer of 3.15 mg L^(-1) for each TVEIP-sample. Since the practice of mixing several pesticides in spray has been confirmed in this study, the attention is then focused on the Common Mechanism Group (CMG) problem or the cumulative toxicity. The combined frequency of organophosphate and carbamate presence in 554 EIP-samples was 792 and the average was 1.41 per sample. Thus, the CMG problem is obvious in these neurotoxic anticholinergic pesticides. The safety judgment by the individual organophosphate and carbamate pesticide tolerance will underestimate the danger of their combined residues. The highest frequencies detected for anticholinergic pesticides were chlorpyrifos (53.3%), profenofos (23.8%), carbofuran (19.5%), etc. High residue risk vegetable and fruit production farmer organizations were identified in the study, a total of 254 EIP-samples (45.9%) came from only ten farmers’ associations. Among them, there were 108 tolerance violations (41.7%), the correlation between the EIP cases and TVEIP cases in those ten farmers’ association is positive (R2=0.752). The pesticides mixing pattern are similar in these adjacent production organizations, and can be used as a tool to trace the origin of residue contaminated farm products with unknown sources. The residue analysis results of 2009-2012 were similar in all aspects with no significant differences between years. The AChE/Chemical combined analysis for pesticide residues control has been a regular practice in Taipei City since 1985. Its purpose is to intercept by rapid enzyme toxicity test. The residues contaminated vegetables and fruits before it have been sold to consumers. From 2009 to 2012, a total of 37,278 kg of residues contaminated vegetables and fruits were taken off from the market and destroyed to protect the consumers.

並列關鍵字

Pesticide ； Residues ； Fruits and Vegetables ； Acetylcholinesterase