台灣農家婦女的家庭地位與角色

Family Status and Roles of Farm Women in Taiwan

賴爾柔(Erh-Rou Lai)

《農業推廣學報》 13期 (1997/12) Pp. 55-81

https://doi.org/10.29788/RAES.199712.0003

摘要

傳統的社會中，家庭內男女分工有別，各有所司。然而，由於社會的變遷，導致女性社會機會的增加以及意識型態的改變，「婦女地位」的討論也逐漸成為一個重要的世界性議題。本文的目的，即是在整理一些近年內的相關研究，來檢視現階段臺灣農家婦女在家庭中的地位與角色，及其變遷的情形，希望能夠據以提出建議，以為政策擬定與實務工作上的參考。本文從財產擁有權、家庭經濟決策權、家務決策權、以及農務決策權來分析農家婦女的家庭地位，發現臺灣農家婦女的家庭地位，與她們的先生相比，是有點高又不太高。而在農家婦女的家庭與工作角色方面，農家婦女幾乎包辦絕大部份的家務操作事項，除了是當然的「食物供應者」之外，多數負責屬於較經常性、較瑣碎、且較不須耗費體力的工作，其工作的內容則因農場經營型態的不同而有差異。而農家夫婦在家務與農務工作的時間投入，除了因農場經營型態的不同而有別外，也因農忙期或非農忙期而有差異。蔬菜、花卉、以及水稻的農家婦女花在家務與農務工作的時間較多。至於家庭地位與角色的變遷方面，在家庭事務的決策上，先生的參與有增加的趨勢，夫妻共同參與的情況也增多，而在農場事務以及重大金錢事項的決策上，先生的決策權減少，也有許多家庭更傾向於採取共同決策的方式，農家逐漸變成一個兩性分工互賴、相輔相成的經濟體。本研究的發現，可以做為未來規劃農業推廣活動內容的參考。第一、農家婦女不僅在家務決策與工作參與方面維持很高的參與率，在農務的決策與工作參與也有更多的投入，難免會有角色負荷過重的困擾。因此，未來家政推廣工作的內容宜詳加規劃，使她們有機會學習如何扮演好自己的角色。第二，傳統的男女分工模式有互相透析的現象，所以過去推廣活動對象的劃分方式，也值得重新考量：農場主應該有機會學習有關家事操作的知識與技能，農家婦女的農事決策與農務操作的能力更需大力的予以提升。第三，農家婦女的貢獻應能受到家人及社會大眾的認可，並在物質上得到應有的保障。

關鍵字

農家婦女 ； 家庭地位 ； 家庭與工作角色 ； 決策權

並列摘要

In traditional societies, women and men each have their own clearly defined roles and specified duties. However, due to social change, women's social opportunities are increasing and the gender ideology is altering. ”Women's status” is currently being carefully reviewed by sociologists throughout the world. By reviewing some recent related research, this paper aims to examine current situation and change of farm women's family status and roles in Taiwan.Four indicators are selected to evaluate women's family status: ownership of property, decision-making power of family economy, decision-making power of family work, and decision-making power of farm work. The results show that, comparing to their husbands, farm women in Taiwan have a relatively high status, but not very high. With regard to family and work roles, farm women do all the family chores mentioned in this study except family maintenance. In addition to being the main food provider, farm women are responsible for some routine and trivial jobs that are less laborious, but the contents of work are not quite the same on different types of farms. The time spent by farm couples in doing family and farm work is also different on different types of farms: the couples who engage in growing vegetables, flowers and rice spend more time at work than the couples on poultry and livestock farms. Some other findings concerning the trend of change are: men are getting involved more in family decision-making, women are getting involved more in decision-making of farm management and big expenditures, and more families are adopting joint decision-making.The findings of this paper can be of use to future planning of agricultural extension activities. First, farm women not only have high participation rate in family decision and family chores, but also have high involvement in farm work. All of these factors can result in over-load for them. In order to help these women play their roles more effectively and more efficiently, the contents of home economics extension should be designed carefully. Second, traditional sex division of labor is changing, therefore, the grouping of extension targets needs to be reexamined. Third, the contributions of farm women deserve more recognition and appreciation, and their financial security should be considered.

並列關鍵字

farm women ； family status ； family and work roles ； decision-making power