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一個地表過程/亮溫模組對土壤參數靈敏度的研究

A Study of Land-Surface Process/Radiobrightness Model Sensitivity to Soil Parameters

摘要


土壤含水率除了藉由控制地表與大氣間能量、水份的交換,而影響大氣環流,同時藉由決定土壤的介電係數,而影響地表輻射係數及亮溫。因此,對大氣層具有高穿透性的微波,在遙測學界被用來測量地表亮溫,估計地表濕度。在本文中,我們首先介紹一個適用於草原及裸露地的地表過程╱亮溫(Land-Surface Process/Radiobrightness;LSP/R)模組,這個LSP/R模組由兩個模式組成:一個處理土壤、植物中及地表、大氣間能量及水份傳遞交換的地表過程(LSP)模式及一個估計地表亮溫的輻射(R)模式。LSP模式估計土壤、植物之溫、濕剖面。也就是說,LSP/R模組結合了衛星量測之地表亮溫與一些主宰陸空能量、水份傳遞交換的溫、濕參數。因此,這類的模組可以被用來研究微波遙測土壤含水率。之後,我們接著探討土壤參數對LSP/R模組在沒有植被時的影響,所要探討的土壤參數為飽和水頭傳導係數(hydraulic conductivity),反射率(albedo)以及孔隙率(porosity)。我們的作法是先假設植被覆蓋率為0%,之後利用LSP/R模組做一系列為期兩週的乾化(dry-down)模擬,土壤初始含水率均設為45%(以體積比計),在每一次模擬中僅改變一種土壞參數。乾化模擬結果發現:(1)當土壤反射率由30%改變為10%時,白天由於日曬效應,溫差近2度,而濕度差由第一天的1%劇增到第十四天的8%,19.35 GHz水平極化亮溫差異更為明顯,由第一天的2度增到第十四天的18度。(2)當飽和水頭傳導數由2.054E-7 m/s改變為4.054E-7 m/s時,在二週後地表溫度並無明顯差異,然而濕度差異超過8%,而且19 GHz水平極化亮溫相差超過20度。(3)孔隙率設定為48.1%、53.1%及60.1%時,LSP/R模組的乾化模擬結果並無明顯差異。本研究顯示,飽和水頭係數及土壤反射率顯著地影LSP/R模組,然而孔隙率對模組影響較微小。此外,藉由亮溫對地表參數的靈敏度,我們可以用LSP/R模組去萃取地表參數。

關鍵字

地表過程 亮溫 土壤含水率

並列摘要


A Land-Surface Process/Radiobrightness (LSP/R) model is presented. Also, its sensitivity to soil parameters when vegetation is absent is investigated. The LSP/R model consists of two modules, an LSP module and an R module. The LSP module manages energy and moisture transport between land and atmosphere to compute temperature and moisture profiles of the soil and vegetation. The R module handles radioactive transfer within vegetation, if any, and predicts terrain radiobrightness. The soil parameters of interest include albedo, striated hydraulic conductivity, and porosity whose values are assigned to be 20%, 2.054E-7 m/s, and 53.1%, respectively, for a 2-week dry-down simulation (a reference run). Two other appropriate values for each parameter are subsequently chosen to repeat the 2-week dry-down simulation. The LSP/R model is found to be very sensitive to soil albedo and saturated hydraulic conductivity, but not to porosity. For example, the uppermost 5 mm soil is warmer by about 2 degrees for the simulation with an albedo of 10% than for the simulation with an albedo of 30%. The difference in soil moisture between the two simulations increases form about 1% on day 1 to about 8% on day 14, and the corresponding difference in horizontally-polarized 19.35 GHz brightness increases form 2 degrees to about 18 degrees.

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