臺灣黃塗本與大陸閩南語歌仔冊的語文比較舉隅

Language Comparison of Kua^1-A^2-Tsheh^4歌仔冊 Published by the Taiwanese Huang-tu Letterpress and in the Mainland

林香薇(Lin Hsiang-wei)

《漢學研究》 40卷2期 (2022/06) Pp. 259-300

摘要

黃塗活版所是臺灣最早大量出版歌仔冊的印刷所，本文以該出版社為中心，往前探究該社與大陸出版的歌仔冊在語文上的異同，並與之後臺灣出版的歌仔冊相對比，以掌握歌仔冊在語文發展上的歷史脈絡。首先，界定歌仔冊語文發展的分期，接著以同時具有大陸和臺灣黃塗活版所出版的28本歌仔冊，進行歷時性的研究，並以此作為論述語文演變的基礎。觀察發現，大陸歌仔冊保留較多的官話詞彙，這些詞彙在黃塗本多改為相應的古漢語詞彙，少數改為閩華共通詞彙。大體上黃塗本參考、承襲大陸歌仔冊的情形非常嚴重，即使詞彙選用有不同，黃塗本也顯得非常保守，未見有明顯的本土化或口語化的痕跡。其次以「合」（kap/kah）、「共」（kāng）、「予」（hōo）等為例，探討其漢字書寫和語法功能的關係，我們發現大陸或黃塗本歌仔冊可能落在「共」統轄了單邊構式和對等連接構式，「合」統轄了協同構式和單邊構式的格局。另外，大陸和黃塗本歌仔冊完整保留了「乞」充當給予動詞、使役動詞和被動式中的施事標記三種用法。

關鍵字

閩南詞 ； 歌仔冊 ； 詞彙演變 ； 漢字書寫 ； 語法功能

並列摘要

Huang-tu Letterpress 黃塗活版所 was the first printing house in Taiwan to publish a large number of kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 (folk songs 歌仔冊). The present article takes the letterpress as its central focus, exploring the similarities and differences in the language of kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 published by Huang-tu and the mainland, and then compares these elements with works published in Taiwan in later periods to grasp the historical development of kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 in regards to language. First, we define the stages of development of the language of kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 and then conduct a diachronic study of twenty-eight kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 published both by the Taiwanese Huang-tu Letterpress and in the mainland, using this as the basis for discussing the evolution of related language. We have observed that mainland kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 retain a remarkably greater Mandarin lexicon, most vocabularies of which have been changed to their corresponding ancient Chinese counterparts in the works of Huang-tu Letterpress and a few of which have been changed to common vocabularies of both Min and China. Generally speaking, the situation concerning the reference and inheritance of mainland kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 by Huang-tu Letterpress is rather strict. Although the selection of vocabularies is different, Huang-tu Letterpress appears very conservative and there are no obvious traces of localization or colloquialization. Next, this article takes ＂kap/kah＂ 合, ＂kāng＂ 共, ＂hōo＂ 予, etc. as examples to explore the relationship between the writing of Chinese characters and their grammatical functions. We have found that in the case of mainland or Huangtu Letterpress kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4, ＂kāng＂ appears in both a unilateral and co-ordinate relationship, and ＂hōo＂ emerges in co-participation and unilateral relationships. In addition, kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 published by Huang-tu Letterpress and in the mainland completely retain the three usages of qi 乞 as a verb of giving, a causative verb, and the agentive marker in the passive.

並列關鍵字

Southern Min lexicon ； kua^1-a^2-tsheh^4 歌仔冊 ； folk songs ； lexical evolution ； Chinese character writing ； grammatical function

參考文獻

漢．毛亨傳，漢．鄭玄箋，唐．孔穎達疏，《毛詩正義》，《十三經注疏》，臺北：藝文印書館，2001。

漢．司馬遷，《史記》，北京：中華書局，2013。

漢．班固，《漢書》，北京：中華書局，1964。

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晉．釋法顯，《佛國記》，收入清．張海鵬編，《學津討原》第 11 冊，臺北：新文豐出版公司，1980。