外國史地引介與晚清史學

A Study of The Late Ch'ing Historiograthy : Introduction of The Western History and Geography

彭明輝(Ming-Fui Pang)

《國立政治大學歷史學報》 17期 (2000/05) Pp. 197-228

https://doi.org/10.30383/TJH.200005_(17).0006

摘要

晚清史學的發展，時代變局的影響是其主要成因，一方面是清代學者的西北史地研究，另一方面則是西力衝激的影響，引發介紹外國史地的風氣。1840年代以降的變局，使得中國知識分子重新思索民族命運及文化的未來方向，如魏源“師夷長技以制夷”，張之洞“中體西用論”，康有為“託古改制論”，都是藉求思想．文化以解決問題的模式（此論為林毓生所提出，參考：林毓生，《思想與人物》，台北：聯經出版公司，1983，139-156；特別是頁150-152），雖然這類模式為傳統中國知識分子所慣用，但在其中卻也羼入了新的趨向，如魏源《海國圖志》與徐繼畬《瀛寰志略》即藉求地理知識之擴充，以喚醒國人的認知；其中研究邊疆史地與世界史地風氣的興起，尤為近代中國史學開闢出一個新的研究領域。本文主要即透過外國史地的引介與西方史學的輸入，分析經世思想與晚清史學之間的關連。

關鍵字

邊疆史地 ； 外國史地 ； 經世 ； 歷史地理學 ； 西力衝激

並列摘要

In effecting the development of Late-Ch'ng historiography, primary element derives from the new prospects of epoch: on one side is the study of history and geography on native northwestern frontier, the other is the western impact, which duce the storm of introducing foreign history and geography. Since 1840's, the western impact had forced Chinese intellectuals to reconsidered the future of their state and culture, and tried to find a new direction; Wei Yuan's “師夷長技以制夷”,Chang Chih-t'ung's “中體西用論”, K'ang Yu-wei's “託古改制論”, were the most famous among them. Their approaches, as Professor Lin Yu-sheng points out correctly, focused mainly on culture-intellectualistic sphere, new elements, nevertheless, can be found in their thoughts. For example, both Wei Yuan and Hsu Ch’I-yu tried to awake their compatriots’ consciousness of crisis through a promotion of geographical knowledge. Their efforts were not in vain, even though the rewords came much later. The studies of world as well as Chinese frontier history and geography finally became a fashion during the late nineteenth century, and therefore open a new territory of the Chinese historiography. This article, therefore, aims at analyzing the circumstance of the rise of late Ch'ing historiography, through a comprehensive understanding of the introducing of the western history and geography during the late Ch'ing period.

並列關鍵字

Frontier history and geography ； foreign history and geography ； historical geography ； statecraft-ideal ； western impact