論藏族形成的歷史解釋與民族識別的整體性：從川、甘「白馬藏人」的認定談起

On the Historical Interpretation of the Formation of Tibetan and the Conformity in Its Ethnic Identification: An Example of the Recognition of “Baima-Tibetan” in Sichuan and Gansu

張中復(Chung-Fu Chang)

《國立政治大學歷史學報》 17期 (2000/05) Pp. 91-114

https://doi.org/10.30383/TJH.200005_(17).0003

摘要

有關當代藏族形成的歷史解釋，大致可從青康藏高原及其周邊地區的歷史發展中獲得映證。從先秦時的氐、羌民族，到唐代的吐蕃，藏族先民的主體輪廓及其文化內涵已逐漸形成。不過，今日在中國有四百多萬的「藏族」，基本上是中共五○年代以來所實施的民族識別的結果。當代的藏族，在歷史上與青康藏高原及其周邊地區的其他漢藏語系民族的互動關係十分密切。因此，部份與藏族「融而未合」的民族，在中共的民族識別中就較有爭議性。本文即從民族形成的歷史解釋觀點，以川、甘「白馬藏族」為例，來探討七○年代末該群人要求脫離藏族，並要求更名為「氐族」的過程及其意義。

關鍵字

藏族 ； 藏族史 ； 白馬藏人 ； 民族識別

並列摘要

About the historical interpretation of contemporary Tibetan, approximately can find the basic proof through the historical background of the Chim-Kham-Tsang Plateau and its peripheral areas. From the Ti and Ch’iang peoples of pre-Ch’in period to the Tu-fan (Bod) of T’ang Dynasty, the ancestors of contemporary Tibetan had formed gradually its basic predicament of ethnicity and cultural content. Nevertheless, there are more than four millions “Tibetan Nationality” in modem China, this phenomenon basically can have been considered as a special result of PRC’s policy to ethnic identification in 1950s. Historically, there is a very close interacting relation between contemporary Tibetan and other Sino-Tibetan language peoples in the Chim-Kham-Tsang Plateau and its peripheral areas. However, in this historical process, part of small ethnic groups have had to “ be fused but not completed yet” with the Tibetans that around them. This result inevitably has been caused some controversial discussions about the accuracy of PRC”s policy to ethnic identification. According to these reasons, this article would like to use the viewpoints about historical interpretation of Tibetan’s ethnic formation, and by means of a small ethnic group: the “Baima-Tibetan” in the border areas between Sichuan and Gansu, to analyze the process and meaning about this people who declared to sever its relation with the category of Tibetan and try to establish a new ethnic terminology- “Ti Nationality” in the end of 1970s.

並列關鍵字

Tibetan ； History of Tibetan ； Baima-Tibetan ； Ethnic Identification