試析《牧誓》中商紂的罪狀－兼論《牧誓》的史料價值

自古至今，商紂王總是被認為是個暴君，做了許多的壞事。這篇論文以分析《尚書　牧誓》來為商紂王做點平反的工作。同時確証《牧誓》的原始性與真實性，其史料價值是無庸置疑的。《牧誓》是周武王在發動攻擊商紂王之前的誓師之辭。在這誓師之辭，看不到商紂王有「為炮格之法」、「殺比干而視其心」、「剖孕婦而觀其化」，「燎焚天下之財，罷苦萬民之力」、「以酒為池，懸肉為林，使男女?相逐其間」……等殘暴荒唐的行為。如果商紂王真犯下了這些罪行，周武王那會放過？一定會在伐紂的誓辭中，一一指控。在《牧誓》中，周武對商紂的指控，只不過，一是聽婦人言，二是不重視祭祀自己的祖先，三是不重用自己的兄弟，四是起用他國的逃犯。誠如子貢所說：「紂之不善，不如是之甚也。是君子惡居下流，天下之惡皆歸焉。」商紂王的許許多多的罪行，都是後人編造的。根據《牧誓》就能找出一些武王伐紂的歷史真象。在分析《牧誓》中周武對於商紂的指控後，看不到商紂王下什麼滔天大罪，反而突顯出《牧誓》的原始性，《牧誓》出於武王伐紂的當時。至於《牧誓》的文辭不若周《誥》諸篇古奧難讀，是因為在流傳過程中，文字受到了改動，而內容卻保存原貌，沒有遭受竄改；所以《牧誓》是研究殷周之際的珍貴史料。

關鍵字

牧誓；商紂王；周武王；婦人

並列摘要

In the past, King Shang-Zhouh was regarded nothing but a tyrant. This article in an attempt to restore his name, as well as to certify the historical authentic of the Oath of Mu. The Oath of Mu was a speech by King Zhou-Wu before his launching an attack on King Shang-Zhouh. In the Oath, We did not find that King Shang-Zouh had committed any atrocious crimes, instead we only found that King Shang-Zouh was accused of committing the following: (1)Obeying his wife and his concubines, (2)Not worshiping his own ancestors, (3)Not appointing his brothers high-ranking officials (4)Commissionning foreign defectors and relying on them heavily. All the crimes of King Shang-Zouh's mentioned in the Oath of Mu were not serious and awful. And this proved the Oath had not been altered greatly by later scholars, and that it is original and authentic.