苦瓜果實構造及發育之研究Ⅰ．苦瓜果實構造與受精過程

Observation of Fruit Anatomy and Development of Bitter Gourd Ⅰ. Fruit Anatomy and Fertilization of Bitter Gourd

張有明(You-Ming Chang) ； 劉邦基(Pan-Chi Liou) ； 蕭吉雄(Chi-Hsiung Hsiao) ； 許圳塗(Chou-Tou Shii)

《中華農業研究》 48卷4期 (1999/12) Pp. 23-31

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.199912.0002

摘要

本文探討苦瓜果實構造與受精過程。苦瓜之雌花為子房下位，側膜胎座，胚珠倒生。子房三室，具分離的橫隔，子房內壁和子房室間亦分離呈中空，與橫隔及胚珠間有管道相通；每一子房室中二排胚珠共14-18粒，呈直立或下垂排列者，分佈常不在同一水平面；子房室之間的胚珠也呈不規則的交互排列，同一橫切面最多出現四粒排列不整的胚珠，和其他瓜類不同。一子房內胚珠平均在40粒左右，最高可達60粒以上。雌蕊為濕式柱頭三裂，呈“U”型排列於花柱上；花柱為開放型（中空的）。當授粉後1小時，發芽的花粉管已進入柱頭的乳頭狀組織內；三至四小時後，由三裂柱頭而來之三叢花粉管束，將會合於花柱中；約6小時後通過花柱進入子房腔；12小時已有受精作用產生；18~24小時將完成受精作用。在子房內，花粉管數隨著時間及花粉管的延伸而迅速遞減；在近子房基部區，已很難找到花粉管。在人工的花粉發芽培養基中，花粉經發芽1小時後，可觀察到生殖核已由花粉粒進入花粉管中。雌花於開花前兩天下午（傍晚）到開花後一天下午（傍晚）均具有受精、結實（種子）能力，惟著果率、結實率均偏低，調查結果顯示，以開花前一天下午到開花當天下午的授粉結實率為佳。

關鍵字

苦瓜 ； 果實構造 ； 花粉管 ； 受精作用

並列摘要

The female flower of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) consists of an inferior ovary and a three-lobed and wet stigma on a columnar style which is hollow. The ovary contains three carpels, each with 14-18 ovules, surrounded by ovary wall. Anatropous ovules attach to ”parietal placenta”. Two row of ovules in each carpel are aligned irregularly in either erect or pendulous, but not in horizontal position. Unlike other cucurbits, at each cross-section in bitter gourd ovary, no more than 4 ovules, can be seen. Although the number of ovule in an ovary can be up to 60, the average in around 40. The lobed stigma is aligned in ”U” shape on the top of style. One hour after pollination, the pollen tubes penetrated into papillae tissue in this study. All pollen tubes from 3 lobed stigma, joining in style, arrived to ovary cavity 6 hours after pollination. Fertilization first occurred during the next 6 hrs and finished during 18~24 hrs after pollination. The number of pollen tubes rapidly decreased along with time course of elongation. Hardly any pollen tubes could be seen at the basal end of the ovary. One hour after pollen germination, the generative nucleus entered the pollen tube.

並列關鍵字

Bitter gourd Momordica charantia L. ； Fruit anatomy ； Pollen tube ； Fertilization