論孫中山「本體論」的思想體系－以儒、耶兩家本體論會通為例

The Ideological System of Sun Yet-sen Thought Ontology-A Case Study of the Communication between Ontology of Confucianism and Christianity

盧國慶(Kuo-Ching Lu)

《復興崗學報》 92期 (2008/12) Pp. 417-437

https://doi.org/10.29857/FHKAJ.200812.0017

摘要

孫中山思想是一個集中西文化精華的思想體系，但檢視其哲學思想，卻不斷地出現「本體、孙宙、功夫、境界」四方架構的基本哲學問題無法獲得解決的現實難題。因為孫中山思想本體思維以西方耶教的「上帝」作為主體的結果，畢竟開不出儒家太極孙宙論與「致良知」的聖人功夫與「天人合一」境界。惟孫中山思想本身即具有一種多元開放的精神，與具有「中西互為體用」的創新潛能，因此要真正建構中西文化「互為體用」的思想體系，唯有首先從其本身繼承的耶儒兩教本體論的會通著手。而面對偏重「外在超越」的耶教與偏重「內在超越」的儒教，孫中山本體思想如果企圖建立此一「內在超越」與「外在超越」一體並存的儒耶綜合理論體系，首先必須創造性的繼承儒家「外在超越」的原始資產，以傳統儒家人格神宗教信仰與耶教上帝會通；孫中山思想並可以儒家「默現天」與耶教「朗現天」理論作為儒、耶本體間之會通基點。其次，孫中山思想也必須創造性的繼承耶教密契主義「內在超越」的原始資產，此舉在改變孫中山本人基督新教原本的受限格局思惟，直接繼承耶教內在超越的密契主義宗教傳統而與儒家的「內在超越」會通。總的來說，孫中山本體思想耶儒「本體」會通的創造性詮釋，經由繼承儒家「外在超越」的原始資產與耶教上帝會通，與繼承耶教「內在超越」的密契主義宗教傳統而與儒家的「內在超越」會通，適足以建立一個辯證開放的耶儒「內在超越」與「外在超越」一體並存的「本體論」綜合理論體系。

關鍵字

孫中山思想 ； 本體論 ； 內在超越 ； 外在超越 ； 會通

並列摘要

Sun Yet-sen Thought is a Thought system that gathers Eastern and Western cultural essences; yet, while examining the philosophy, its Thought pattern constantly demonstrates problems of four frameworks of ”Reality, Cosmology, Practice, and Perfection” unable to be solved by basic philosophy. Since Sun Yet-sen Thought context is based upon ”God” from Western Christianity, it does not deviate from Confucianism Tai Chi Cosmology and the Perfection of saint effort for ”Zhih Liang-zhih” and ”Man and Heaven are the One.”. Only that Sun Yet-sen Thought itself contains a spirit with an open-minded diversity and a creative potential of ”Eastern and Western accomplishment”. In order to construct a real Thought system of practicing Eastern and Western cultures, first it needs to focus on Communication of the inherited ontology of Christianity and Confucianism. When facing Christianity that emphasizes ”external transcendence” and Confucianism that focuses on ”God in Christianity, using the traditional religious belief for moral integrity in Confucianism, after first inheriting the creative original asset ”external transcendence” from Confucianism. Sun Yet-sen Thought is based upon the fundamental Communication between ontology of Confucianism ”silence presentation” and Christianity ”clearness presentation”. Secondly, Sun Yet-sen Thought must inherit creative original asset of ”internal transcendence” from Christianity, which changes Sun Yet-sen's original Thought pattern and enables the direct inheritance of Christian mysticism on internal transcendence so as to Communicate with ”internal transcendence” in Confucianism. Generally speaking, the creative interpretation of the ”ontology” Communication between Christianity and Confucianism in Sun Yet-sen Thought will establish a comprehensive ”ontology” theoretical system that combines ”internal transcendence” from Confucianism and ”external transcendence” from Christian for open argument after Communication with God in Christianity through the inheritance from original asset of ”external transcendence” from Confucianism and Communication with ”internal transcendence” from Confucianism after inheriting mystic religious tradition of ”internal transcendence” from Christianity.

並列關鍵字

Sun Yet-sen Thought ； Ontology ； Internal transcendence ； External transcendence ； Communication