論聯合國海洋法公約共同開發之實踐：爭議海域國家合作案例的啟示

Analysis on the Practices of Joint Development of UNCLOS: Cooperating among the States on Cases of Disputed Seas

顧志文(Chih-Wen Ku)

《復興崗學報》 106期 (2015/06) Pp. 21-41

摘要

海洋佔地球表面百分之七十以上，以及在海面與海床、底土的潛在資源豐富，隨著航海技術的進步，人類資源的汲取由陸地轉向海洋，為避免國家間海上的衝突，因此需要一部規範人類在海洋空間活動的法律。但為何海域劃界糾紛未曾停歇？本文所欲解答的問題是海域劃界之糾紛是否可透由國際海洋法公約下之共同合作開發之實踐來解決爭端。研究發現：隨著大陸礁層公約及專屬經濟海域規定出現後，海洋不再為國家所予取予求，須遵守國際海洋法公約之規範，也因此造成相鄰或相對國在大陸礁層及專屬經濟海域劃界之爭議海域問題。為解決此問題，國家可基於海洋法中「臨時安排」合作之精神，擱置主權爭議，以共同開發方式解決爭議海域問題。另從討論案例之實踐可以了解不管是石油天然氣的共同開發，或是漁業資源的共同合作，國家基於理性選擇考量願意放下對主權或是管轄的堅持，而轉向對於資源探勘、開發與利用之相互合作，實為解決爭議之方式，以達雙贏局面。這樣的選擇考量對我國處理東海及南海問題上產生若干啟示，殊值參考運用。

關鍵字

共同開發 ； 臨時安排 ； 海洋法公約 ； 海上劃界

並列摘要

Oceans occupy 70 percent of the earth's surface with potentially abundant natural resources underneath. These resources hitherto inaccessible are now able to be exploited due to advancing technology. The ability to exploit these potential resources has become a source of friction and dispute between nations so UNCLOS is needed to provide a rule of law and resolve conflicts that arise over these under sea resources. This paper will explain the nature of the current maritime disputes and introduce the principle of joint development as a viable solution to these disputes and will present examples of how the principle of joint development has worked in the past to alleviate maritime disputes. These points will be addressed in the following paragraphs. The research findings are as follows; first, with EEZ and Convention on the Continental Shelf practiced, there would be rules to follow and all activities in the ocean should be subject to the UNCLOS. According to the UNCLOS, coastal nations have rights to claim their EEZ and extend the length of Continental Shelf at least 200 nautical miles to 350 nautical miles which is a reason why it leads to delimitation dispute on waters. Thus, in order to resolve complicated maritime dispute, based on the UNCLOS, there is a good method to deal with them, that is the spirit of ＂provisional arrangements of a practical nature.＂ Also, we have learned from cases that disputes on maritime delimitation can be solved and relevant states can cooperate in exploring and exploiting natural resources, where nations in the basis of rational choice are willing to lay aside sovereignty but on the sovereign right to share and use natural resources for each other. That will be a win-win situation.

並列關鍵字

Joint Development ； Provisional Arrangements ； UNCLOS ； Maritime Delimitaion