性別重組或解組？比較歐美投票性別差距的解釋模式

Gender Realignment or Dealignment? Comparing the Explanatory Models of Eurpean and American Voting Gender Gap

楊婉瑩(Wan-Ying Yang)

《問題與研究》 45卷3期 (2006/05) Pp. 103-131

https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.200605_45(3).0004

摘要

自1980年代以來，美國女性選民逐漸由過去支持共和黨轉為支持民主黨，而在部份歐洲國家也出現相似的女性選民由右向左轉的性別重組(gender realignment)現象，本文試圖探討此現象發展的普遍性以及相關解釋模式。檢閱性別差距與重組的相關研究，本文發現兩個研究脈絡的發展：一方面，美國與歐洲因為政治發展與投票研究取向的差異，即使同樣在討論性別差距，但對於其形成與轉變，美歐的學者似乎提出了不同的解釋途徑，隱然形成不同的研究傳統。另一方面，在歐美各自不同的研究傳統與解釋之外，隨著兩者在性別差距發展趨勢上的相似性，英格漢與諾里斯(Inglehart and Norris) ①等學者也試圖對於跨國性包含歐美（與其他區域國家）的性別重組現象，提出整合性的解釋架構與實證檢驗。本文透過比較歐美性別差距與重組現象的異同，評析其中因果途徑的複雜性與系統性，提供未來比較性別差距的理論與研究途徑的參考。

關鍵字

性別差距 ； 性別重組 ； 女性選民 ； 投票行為

並列摘要

Since the 1980s, U.S. women have gradually transferred voting Republican to Democratic party. Meanwhile, the gender realignment phenomena that female voters reversed from right-leaning to left-leaning has also occurred in some European countries. This study attempts to explores the universality and explanations of this phenomenon. Examining gender gap literature and gender realignment, this study finds two trends in the research: on the one hand, when explaining the source and development of a gender gap and realignment, due to different political processes and voting patterns, American and European researchers have developed different models for explanation. On the other hand, besides the differences, as gender realignment converged, Inglehart and Norris have also created a comparative and comprehensive explanation and a cross-national empirical examination. This study compares the similarities and differences between European and American research and analyzes the complexity of causal links in gender gaps, in the hope of encouraging further research.

並列關鍵字

gender gap ； gender realignment ； women voters ； voting behavior

參考文獻

Abramowitz, Alan(1995).It's Abortion Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election.Journal of Politics.57(1),176-186.

Abzug, Bella,Mim Kelber(1984).Gender Gap.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.

Almond, Gabriel,SidneyVerba(1963).The Civic Culture.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.

Andersen, Kristi,Elizabeth A Cook(1985).Women, Work, and Political Attitudes.American journal of Political Science.29(3),606-625.

Baxer, Sandra,Marjorie Lansing(1980).Women and Politics: The Invisible Majority.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan.