態度相似度與態度社會期望性對人際吸引與交往意向的影響

Effects of Opinion Similarity and Opinion Social Desirability on Interpersonal Attraction and Interaction Intention

張文哲(Wen-Jer Chang)

《教育心理學報》 10期 (1978/06) Pp. 61-74

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19780601.6

摘要

本研究之目的在探討下列兩個問題：㈠將對方所具有的社會期望的態度數量保持恆定後，吸引程度是否仍隨態度相似度之增加而增加。㈡當對方具有較多的社會所期望的態度時，受試是否較願意與態度相似者成爲親蜜的朋友；反之，當對方具有較多的社會所不期望的態度時，受試是否較願意與態度不相似者成爲親蜜的朋友。本研究採2×2因子設計。其第一因子爲態度相似度，分.25與.75兩層次，百分比高者表示對方之態度與自己相似，低者表示態度不相似。第二因子爲態度社會期望性，分.25與.75兩層次，百分比高者表示對方具有很多社會期望的態度，而社會所不期望的態度很少；百分比低者反是。本研究以80名大學女生爲受試。主試告訴這些受試說這是有關「印象」的實驗。在實驗過程中受試根據「假設的對象」(hypothetical stranger)在態度問卷上的囘答判斷他是怎樣的一個人。結果發現：人際吸引不僅隨態度社會期望性之增加而增加，而且隨態度相似度之增加而增加。「態度相似度之提高有助於人際吸引」這一結果與預期不符。此現象可能暗示：當對方具有某一相似的態度時，受試可能卽認爲他具有某一良好的屬性。此現象也可能暗示：相似的態度是一個具有增強作用的刺激。本研究同時發現：當對方具有較多的社會期望的態度時，受試較願意與態度相似者成爲朋友。當對方具有較多的社會所不期望的態度時，受試則較願意與不相似者成爲朋友，但此傾向並不顯著。此不顯著的現象可能有兩個原因：㈠當對方具有某一相似的態度時，受試可能卽認爲他具某一良好的屬性，所以當對方具有很多社會所不期望的態度時，如果其態度很多是與自己相似的，受試願與之交往的程度便不如預期的低；㈡可能受試在實驗過程中涉入程度不够。

並列摘要

Eighty female Ss took part in a study of ”impression formation”, during which they evaluated a hypothetical stranger who was presented as either similar or dissimilar in opinions to themselves and as either having many socially desirable opinions or having many socially undesirable ones. Ss were then asked to rate on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale the stranger's intelligence, knowledge of current events, morality, adjustment, attractiveness, and similarity in opinions to themselves, and to indicate their willingness to have the stranger as their intimate friend. It was found that both opinion similarity and opinion social desirability had a significant effect on interpersonal attraction. This finding seems to suggest that opinion similarity is a positively evaluated attribute or a reinforcing stimulus. It was also found that when the stranger was believed to have many socially desirable opinions, Ss tended to prefer the stranger similar in opinions to the one dissimilar in opinions as their intimate friend. On the other hand, when the stranger was perceived as having many socially undesirable opinions, Ss showed only a nonsignificant preference to have the stranger dissimilar in opinions as their intimate friend. The nonsignificant difference was attributed to Ss' superficial involvement and the positively evaluated or the reinforcing nature of opinion similarity.