兒童及青少年基本情緒之縱貫研究

A Longitudinal Study on the Development of Basic Emotions of School Children and Adolescents

蘇建文(Chien-Wen Su)

《教育心理學報》 14期 (1981/06) Pp. 79-101

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19810601.6

摘要

本研究是以縱貫法來探討兒童及青少年快樂、憤怒、懼怕、悲傷以及煩惱等情緒之發展變化，研究對象為國小三年級學生212名，國小六年級216名，及國中生年級學生231名，所有受試者均於兩年前及本年度接受情緒調查問卷。根據本研究，國小一三年級之間，國小四、六年級之間，以及國中一、三年級間三項小型縱貫研究結果顯示，引起受試者各項基本情緒之情境因素確因年齡階段、性別以及情緒類別而有所不同。在國小低年級階段，娛樂及消遣是快樂之主要源泉，自國小中高年級開始，學業成就乃漸受重視，學業及學校活動逐漸成為國小中高年級憤怒之最普遍情境，在懼怕情緒方面，自國小中高年級開始，對於自然現象、動物、孤獨、黑暗等的懼怕減少，而國中學生對威脅其自身安全之懼怕卻與年俱增，引起悲傷之情境在國小階段非常穩定，沒有顯著改變，國中階段變化較大，以朋友關係及疾病喪亡為主，在國小及國中，學業及學校生活為煩惱之主要來源，國小及國中階段情緒反應以感性反應為主，但國中生較國小生更為成熟，縱貫研究結果與橫斷研究結果為相符合。

並列摘要

This is a longitudinal study on the development of basic emotions of school children and adolescents. The subjects were 212 children of the third grade, 216 children of the sixth grade and 231 adolescents of the ninth grade. All the subjects were given the emotional questionnaire twice, the first time two years ago and the second time this year. They were sampled as to their self-expressed happiness, anger, sadness, fear and worry and their reactions to these emotions. Comparing the responses of the subjects to both measurements, three groups of longitudinal data were collected. The results indicated that the developmental trends were more evident on the emotion of happiness, anger and fear than sadness and worry. They also yarned according to the sex of the subject.
The first group of longitudinal data were based on the response changes of the subjects of the third grade between this year and two years ago. The results indicated that the joy derived from recreational activities tended to increase with ago. The joy derived from holiday celebrations tended to decrease with ago. Personal restrictions and intrusions as the resources of anger tended to increase with age. The anger due to other people's behavior tended to decrease with age. The fears of being left in the dark and the contents of TV program tended to increase with age for girls. No change was found as far as the sadness and worry were concerned. As regarding to their reactions to these emotions, the major pattern was affective response, but more positive responses were found while they were getting older.
The second group of longitudinal data were derived from the response changs of the subjects of the sixth grade between this year and two years ago. The results showed a different pattern of development. Girls seemed to think school and personal achievement as the happiest experience in life as well as receiving gifts. The joy of sport, and recreational activities tended to decrease with age. The fears of natural phenomena, animals and unhappy experiences tened to decrease with age but the oppsite was true for the fear of school life. No developmental changes were found as regarding to the emotion of sadness and worry. More positive pattern of emotional responses were found.
The third group of longitudinal data were derived from the response changes of the subjects of the ninth grade between this year and two years ago. The results showed that boys mentioned less frequently about sport, school and personal achievement and interpersonal relationship as their happy experiences in life. The opposite tendencies The anger of losing a personal belonging, frustration derived from school work, the behavior of other people and personal restrictions tended to increase with age. The fears of school life, being left alone in the dark, mass media and unhappy experiences tended to decrease with age for boys. Girl's feeling of sadness on losing a friend, personal belonging, death of the family and personal defecit tended to increase with age. The major pattern of emotional response of adolescents became more self-controlled and more indirect as they were getting older.
Generally speaking, the developmental trends derived from longitudinal data were mostly congruent with the results collected by cross—sectional method.