國中智能不足與資賦優異學生心理特質之比較研究

Psychological Characters Among the Mentally Retarded, and Gifted Students in Junior High Schools

洪有義(Yu-Yih Hung)

《教育心理學報》 15期 (1982/06) Pp. 167-193

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19820601.12

摘要

本研究旨在探討國中階段三個不同智力層次的學生之心理特質，比較其異同，以作為因材施教的參考。樣本取自臺北縣市國中益智班、普通班與資優班，共240名受試（每組80名，男女各半），分别施以自我觀念測驗、學業成就動機問卷、一般焦慮量表、測試焦慮量表及智能成就責任問卷，共得十一個心理變項（依變項）。所得資料經相關分析及3（組别）×2（性别）變異數分析、重要發現如下：(1)有九個變項顯示，有顯著組别差異，根據事後均數差距考驗，此種差異存在於智能不足組與其他兩組之間，而普通組與資優組皆無顯著差異，即：智能不足學生在自我觀念方面較貧弱、成就動機較低落、智能成就責任感（內制性）較低，惟焦慮方面說謊傾向亦較低；(2)就性别差異而言，只有三個變項達到顯著水準，顯示：女生的自我認定感比男生低而一般焦慮與測試焦慮均高於男生；(3)就交互作用來看，僅有兩項達顯著水準，在自我接納和成就動機分數，普通組與資優組男生高於女生，而智能不足組女生高於男生。經單純主要效果分析發現，自我接納只有資優男女生有顯著差異，又普通組及資優組男生自我接納優於智能不足男生。成就動機只有智能不足男女生有顯著差異；(4)相關分析發現自我觀念及其中自我認定、自我接納與自我行動有密切關係、控制信念中的正內制、負內制及總內制有極高的一致性，自我觀念與成就動機之間有極高的正相關，一般焦慮與測試焦慮成正相關，普通及資優組控制信念與自我觀念及成就動機有高相關。由以上結果看來，在資優班的學生之心理適應與普通班學生似乎沒有差別，惟在益普班的智能不足學生則有較不利的心理特質，這很可能與其智能不利產生的種種學習與生活不利經驗有密切關係。

並列摘要

To investigate the differences of psychological characters among the mentally retarded, the normal, and the gifted students, 240 subjects, composed of three intelligence groups with equal sex, were drawn from the EMR classes (MR group), the normal classes (N group), and the gifted classes (G group) in Taipei area. The subjects were measured by the following tests: Self Concept Inventory, Achievement Motivation Questionnaire, General Anxiety Scale for Children, Test Anxiety Scale for Children, and Intellectual Academic Responsibility Questionnaire. By means of Correlation analysis and 3 (groups)×2(sex) ANOVA, it was found that: (1) The MR group was significant inferior to the other groups in self-concept, achievement motivation, and internal responsibility, while there was no significant differences between the N group and the G group; (2) Male students gained significant higher scores in self identification and lower scores in both general and test anxiety than female students; (3) Male students manifested higher self acceptance and achievement motivation in both N and G groups, while the opposite was true for the MR group. It seems that mental retardation is not only a deficit in intellgence, but might also lead to a disadvantage in psychological adjustment