自我統合諮商改變歷程個案研究

A Case Study on Self-Identity Change Process in Counseling

陳秉華(Ping-Hwa Chen)

《教育心理學報》 29期 (1997/09) Pp. 77-116

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19970901.4

摘要

本研究的目的是想藉著一個大學女性個案探討接受六次個別諮商的自我統合變化歷程，研究者藉著六次諮商逐字稿的敘事分析、諮商員的六次諮商後訪談內容分析、個案的六次諮商後訪談内容分析，以及個案在「個人發展狀況測驗」的諮商開始前與全部諮商結束後的二次測驗分數的變化來回答四個研究問題：(1)個案在諮商中的自我統合轉變歷程為何？(2)個案在諮商結束出現了那些自我統合的改變？(3)諮商員為協助個案達到更好的自我統合所提供的諮商環境為何？(4)個案所出現的自我統合轉變與所處的社會文化脈絡有何關連性？為了回答第一個研究問題，研究者將六次諮商逐字稿應用敘事分析的原則找出44個諮商的段落並標定出段落主題，合併比對段落主題，形成核心主題並且檢視核心主題間發展的脈絡，歸納起來，諮商中的自我統合變化歷程出現四個核心主題，最先出現的核心主題與個案「視被人關心都是有目的的信念」有關，接著第二個核心主題是個案探索她對自己的「要嚴格要求」以及其形成，而「自我的表達」與「改變的表現」這兩個核心主題則隨著諮商的延續不斷同時出現在諮商過程之中直至結束。為了回答第二個問題，研究者將個案在測驗分數上的變化、個案事後訪談内容與六次諮商相關的段落彙集並且比較，發現經由不同角度的資料分析所得到的結果都一致顯示個案在自我統合上是有改變的，改變的一致性特別顯示在個案在人際關係上變得更積極主動、對於自我的認識變得更清晰、學會了適度放鬆自己、肯定自己、也更能夠站在對方的立場看事情，想法變得較多元化。第三個問題的回答是依據諮商員的事後訪談內容與諮商的段落分析所得到的結果，顯示諮商員能在短時間内與個案建立起同理、了解、信任的關係，鼓勵、肯定個案、很快與個案形成諮商目標的共識、協助個案進入情感性的家庭成長的經驗，表達出過去未表達的內在負向感受、想法、期望與需求、渴望，使個案在這探索與表達的過程中對自我的認識擴大，更了解她嚴格的自我態度的形成及對自己、對人際關係造成的影響，協助個案作出決定要適度學習信任自己、肯定自己，並且對個案在生活中實踐諮商目標所做努力給予重視與鼓勵，這樣的諮商環境的確有助於個案自我統合的提昇。第四個問題是依據諮商段落的分析結果而回答的。研究者看到諮商中協助個案自我統合的歷程中確實出現了來自社會文化脈絡的影響，包括個案學習接受重男輕女的性別差異對待、道德倫理觀在諮商中被強化、個案為了達到朝向發展和諧的人際關係而不願意再深入面對人際衝突中的負面感受、以及個案採用不要感受的心理防衛機轉讓自己變得理性。研究者也發現敘事分析法被應用在諮商歷程研究的優點與困難，以及諮商員有需要常檢視社會文化在諮商工作隱藏的影響力量。

關鍵字

自我統合 ； 諮商改變歷程 ； 敘事分析法

並列摘要

The purpose of the study is to investigate a self-identity change process of a female university student through six counseling interviews. Four research questions are raised: 1) what are the outcomes resulted from the six sessions counseling work? 2) what is the counseling process which the student client went througgh? 3) what is the counseling environment the counselor created for the client? 4) what is the social context embeded in the counseling process? The six counseling sessions verbatim were collected. The verbatim were analyzed following the principle of narrative analysis to look for the themes and the sequence of identity change in the counseling process. The Assessment of Erikson’s Development Conflicts in Chinese Version before and after the counseling were administered to compare the client’s scores change on the test. Both the counselor and the client were also interviewed after each counseling session to report their experiences. The client was asked to report the changes she found in self and the impressions to the counselor and the counselor was asked to report the strategies she used and the helps she made for the client. Content analysis was employed to answer the raised research questions. The findings were as folows: 1) Four themes occured in the self identity process. "The distrust of being cared" came first, "The strict self demand" came second, "Self expression" and "Change performance" occured in the middle of the process and lasted to the end.2) Outcome changes appeared in the client’s initiative to relate with others. The client gained more self understanding and multiplied perspectives in viewing self and others. She became more self assured and relaxed. 3) The counselor created a trusting and understanding environment. The counselor encouraged and supported the client, collaborated with the client, formed the counseling goal quickly led the client to explore hurtful past experience, helped the client to express negative inner feeings and gained insights about the strict self demand, assisted the client to trust and assure more in self. The finding supported that such counseling environment was helpful to enhance the client self identity. 4) The social context embeded in the counseling were related with the issues of gender bias, piaty and obedience to the parents, the striving to the harmony of social relationship, and the cultural norm of avoiding to express negative feelings. Counselors need to be more awared of the embeded social and cultural influences in the counseling practice.

並列關鍵字

Self Identity ； Counseling Change Process ； Narrative Analysis