This paper will discuss the concept of ”the West” It will argue that for the Japanese and Chinese thinkers, the West does not exist in the West. Rather, the West is sometimes at the periphery and at other times, at the center. For them, ”the Chinese” is about the epistemology of all-under-heaven. There is no such concept as ”Other” in this epistemology. As a result, the modern Western thinkers depend on opposing the concrete, historical, yet backward ”Other” to pretend being universal, while the Chinese and the Japanese thinkers concentrate on self-rectification to compete for the best representative of ”the Chinese” The Chine is no more than an epistemological frame that divides the world into the center and the periphery. During modern times, the Japanese accepted Japan being at the periphery, while the West is at the center. To practice self-rectification is to simulate the West. The West is therefore not geographical Western, but at the center of the Japanese selfhood. Self-knowledge produced through Othering and that through self-rectification are so different that the universal West could not make sense of the all-under-heaven way of conceptualizing the West.
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